Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation

"Chicago Convention" redirects here. For science fiction conventions using the abbreviated term Chicon, see Chicon (Worldcon).

Chicago Convention
Convention on International Civil Aviation
${{{image_alt}}}$ Signature of the Chicago Convention
Signed	7 December 1944
Location	Chicago
Effective	4 April 1947
Condition	26 ratifications
Parties	191^[1] (Cook Islands as well as all United Nations members except Liechtenstein, Dominica, and Tuvalu)
Depositary	Government of the United States of America
Languages	English, French, Spanish and Russian

The Convention on International Civil Aviation, also known as the Chicago Convention, established the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), a specialized agency of the UN charged with coordinating and regulating international air travel.^[2] The Convention establishes rules of airspace, aircraft registration and safety, and details the rights of the signatories in relation to air travel. The Convention also exempts air fuels in transit from (double) taxation. ^[3]

The document was signed on December 7, 1944 in Chicago by 52 signatory states. It received the requisite 26th ratification on March 5, 1947 and went into effect on April 4, 1947, the same date that ICAO came into being. In October of the same year, ICAO became a specialized agency of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). The Convention has since been revised eight times (in 1959, 1963, 1969, 1975, 1980, 1997, 2000 and 2006).

As of 2013, the Chicago Convention has 191 state parties, which includes all member states of the United Nations except Dominica, Liechtenstein, and Tuvalu as well as the Cook Islands.^[1] The convention has been extended to cover Liechtenstein by the ratification of Switzerland.^[4]

Main Articles

Some important articles are:

Article 1: Every state has complete and exclusive sovereignty over airspace above its territory.

Article 3 bis: Every State must refrain from resorting to the use of weapons against civil aircraft in flight.

Article 5: The aircraft of states, other than scheduled international air services, have the right to make flights across state's territories and to make stops without obtaining prior permission. However, the state may require the aircraft to make a landing.

Article 6: (Scheduled air services) No scheduled international air service may be operated over or into the territory of a contracting State, except with the special permission or other authorization of that State.

Article 10: (Landing at customs airports): The state can require that landing to be at a designated customs airport and similarly departure from the territory can be required to be from a designated customs airport.

Article 12: Each state shall keep its own rules of the air as uniform as possible with those established under the convention, the duty to ensure compliance with these rules rests with the contracting state.

Article 13: (Entry and Clearance Regulations) A state's laws and regulations regarding the admission and departure of passengers, crew or cargo from aircraft shall be complied with on arrival, upon departure and whilst within the territory of that state.

Article 16: The authorities of each state shall have the right to search the aircraft of other states on landing or departure, without unreasonable delay...

Article 24: Aircraft flying to, from or across, the territory of a state shall be admitted temporarily free of duty. Fuel, Oil, spare parts, regular equipment and aircraft stores retained on board are also exempt custom duty, inspection fees or similar charges.

Article 29: Before an international flight, the pilot in command must ensure that the aircraft is airworthy, duly registered and that the relevant certificates are on board the aircraft. The required documents are:

Certificate of Registration

Certificate of Airworthiness

Passenger names, place of boarding and destination

Crew licences

Journey Logbook

Radio Licence

Cargo manifest

Article 30: The aircraft of a state flying in or over the territory of another state shall only carry radios licensed and used in accordance with the regulations of the state in which the aircraft is registered. The radios may only be used by members of the flight crew suitably licensed by the state in which the aircraft is registered.

Article 32: the pilot and crew of every aircraft engaged in international aviation must have certificates of competency and licences issued or validated by the state in which the aircraft is registered.

Article 33: (Recognition of Certificates and Licences) Certificates of Airworthiness, certificates of competency and licences issued or validated by the state in which the aircraft is registered, shall be recognised as valid by other states. The requirements for issue of those Certificates or Airworthiness, certificates of competency or licences must be equal to or above the minimum standards established by the Convention.

Article 40: No aircraft or personnel with endorsed licenses or certificate will engage in international navigation except with the permission of the state or states whose territory is entered. Any license holder who does not satisfy international standard relating to that license or certificate shall have attached to or endorsed on that license information regarding the particulars in which he does not satisfy those standards".

Annexes

The Convention is supported by nineteen annexes containing standards and recommended practices (SARPs). The annexes are amended regularly by ICAO and are as follows:

Annex 1 – Personnel Licensing

Licensing of flight crews, air traffic controllers & aircraft maintenance personnel. Including Chapter 6 containing medical standards.

Annex 2 – Rules of the Air
Annex 3 – Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation

Vol I – Core SARPs

Vol II – Appendices and Attachments

Annex 4 – Aeronautical Charts
Annex 5 – Units of Measurement to be used in Air and Ground Operations
Annex 6 – Operation of Aircraft

Part I – International Commercial Air Transport – Aeroplanes

Part II – International General Aviation – Aeroplanes

Part III – International Operations – Helicopters

Annex 7 – Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks
Annex 8 – Airworthiness of Aircraft
Annex 9 – Facilitation
Annex 10 – Aeronautical Telecommunications

Vol I – Radio Navigation Aids

Vol II – Communication Procedures including those with PANS status

Vol III – Communication Systems

Part I – Digital Data Communication Systems

Part II – Voice Communication Systems

Vol IV – Surveillance Radar and Collision Avoidance Systems

Vol V – Aeronautical Radio Frequency Spectrum Utilization

Annex 11 – Air Traffic Services – Air Traffic Control Service, Flight Information Service and Alerting Service
Annex 12 – Search and Rescue
Annex 13 – Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation
Annex 14 – Aerodromes

Vol I – Aerodrome Design and Operations

Vol II – Heliports

Annex 15 – Aeronautical Information Services
Annex 16 – Environmental Protection

Vol I – Aircraft Noise

Vol II – Aircraft Engine Emissions

Annex 17 – Security: Safeguarding International Civil Aviation Against Acts of Unlawful Interference
Annex 18 – The Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air
Annex 19 – Safety Management (Since 14 November 2013)

Annex 5, Units of Measurement to be Used in Air and Ground Operations, named in its Table 3-3 three "non-SI alternative units permitted for temporary use with the SI": the foot (for vertical distance = altitude), the knot (for speed), and the nautical mile (for long distance).

References

1 2 Signatories to the Convention ICAO
↑ Convention on International Civil Aviation (on ICAO Website)
↑ House of Commons Library. "Taxing aviation fuel. Standard Note SN00523 (2012)" (PDF). p. 3, note 11. Retrieved 4 Nov 2016.
↑ Switzerland made the following declaration upon ratification: "My Government has instructed me to notify you that the authorities in Switzerland have agreed with the authorities in the Principality of Liechtenstein that this Convention will be applicable to the territory of the Principality as well as to that of the Swiss Confederation, as long as the Treaty of 29 March 1923 integrating the whole territory of Liechtenstein with the Swiss customs territory will remain in force": Convention on International Civil Aviation: Treaty status.

Bibliography

Paul Michael Krämer, Chicago Convention, 50th Anniversary Conference, Chicago, October 31 – November 1, 1994. Zeitschrift für Luft- und Weltraumrecht 1995, S. 57.

External links

An Investigation into the Origins and Developments of the Exemption from various kinds of Taxation of International Aviation Meijers, Daniël (2005) International Centre for Integrative Studies (Includes the history of the Convention's development)
Annex 5: Units of Measurement to be Used in Air and Ground Operations
The Postal History of ICAO : The Chicago Convention

Commercial air travel

Airlines	Airline codes Airline holding companies Charter airlines Low-cost airlines Passenger airlines Regional airlines

Alliances	Oneworld SkyTeam Star Alliance

Trade groups	International (ACO ATAG IATA IATAN ISTAT) United States (A4A RAA) Europe (AEA EBAA ELFAA ERA) Other regions (AACO AAPA AFRAA RAAA)

Aircrew	Captain First Officer Second Officer Third Officer Flight attendant Flight engineer Loadmaster Pilot Purser Deadheading

Airliner	Travel class First class (aviation) First class travel Business Premium economy Economy Aircraft cabin Aircraft lavatory Aircraft seat map Airline meal Airline seat Buy on board Crew rest compartment In-flight entertainment Inflight smoking Galley Sickness bag

Airport	Aerodrome Airline hub Airport check-in Airport lounge Airport rail link Airport terminal Airstair Boarding Domestic airport Gate International airport Jet bridge Low cost carrier terminal Runway Transit hotel

Customs / Immigration	Arrival card (Landing card) Border control Departure card Passport Timatic Travel document Visa

Environmental impact	Hypermobility Impact on environment

Law	Air transport agreement (Bermuda Agreement (UK-US, 1946-78) · Bermuda II Agreement (UK-US, 1978-2008) · China-US · Cross-Strait charter (China-Taiwan)) Beijing Convention Cape Town Treaty Chicago Convention Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives Flight permit Freedoms of the air Hague Hijacking Convention Hague Protocol ICAO Montreal Convention Open skies (EU–US Open Skies Agreement) Paris Convention of 1919 Rome Convention Sabotage Convention Tokyo Convention Warsaw Convention

Luggage	Bag tag Baggage allowance Baggage carousel Baggage cart Baggage reclaim Baggage handler Baggage handling system Checked baggage Hand luggage Lost luggage Luggage lock

Safety	Air Navigation and Transport Act Air rage Air traffic control (ATC) Aircraft safety card Airport authority Airport crash tender Airport police Airport security Brace position Evacuation slide Flight recorder National aviation authority Overwing exits Pre-flight safety demonstration Sky marshal Unruly aircraft passenger

Ticketing	Airline booking ploys Airline reservations system Airline ticket Airline timetable Bereavement flight Boarding pass Codeshare agreement Continent pass Electronic ticket Fare basis code Flight cancellation and delay Frequent-flyer program Government contract flight One-way travel Open-jaw ticket Passenger name record Red-eye flight Round-the-world ticket Standby Tracking Travel agency Travel website

Groundcrew	Aircraft maintenance technician Aircraft ground handler Baggage handler Flight dispatcher

Miscellaneous	Mile high club

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