HNF1A

HNF1A
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1IC8, 2GYP
Identifiers
Aliases	HNF1A, HNF-1A, HNF1, IDDM20, LFB1, MODY3, TCF-1, TCF1, HNF1 homeobox A
External IDs	MGI: 98504 HomoloGene: 459 GeneCards: HNF1A
Genetically Related Diseases
type 2 diabetes mellitus[1]
Gene ontology Molecular function • DNA binding • protein dimerization activity • protein homodimerization activity • transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding • transcriptional activator activity, RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding • protein binding • protein heterodimerization activity • transcription regulatory region DNA binding • RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding Cellular component • cytoplasm • protein complex • nucleus Biological process • regulation of transcription, DNA-templated • glucose homeostasis • regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter • renal glucose absorption • insulin secretion • positive regulation of transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter • transcription, DNA-templated • positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated • glucose import • regulation of pronephros size • positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter • transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	6927	21405
Ensembl	ENSG00000135100	ENSMUSG00000029556
UniProt	P20823	P22361
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_000545 NM_001306179	NM_009327
RefSeq (protein)	NP_000536.5 NP_001293108.1 NP_000536.5 NP_001293108.1	NP_033353.2
Location (UCSC)	Chr 12: 120.98 – 121 Mb	Chr 5: 114.95 – 114.97 Mb
PubMed search	[2]	[3]
Wikidata

View/Edit Human

View/Edit Mouse

HNF1 homeobox A (hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 homeobox A), also known as HNF1A, is a human gene on chromosome 12.^[4][5][6] It is ubiquitously expressed in many tissues and cell types.^[7] The protein encoded by this gene is a transcription factor that is highly expressed in the liver and is involved in the regulation of the expression of several liver-specific genes.^[8] Mutations in the HNF1A gene have been known to cause diabetes.^[9] The HNF1A gene also contains one of 27 SNPs associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease.^[10]

Structure

Gene

The HNF1A gene resides on chromosome 12 at the band 12q24.2 and contains 9 exons.^[6] This gene produces 8 isoforms through alternative splicing.^[11]

Protein

This protein belongs to the HNF1 homeobox family.^[11] It contains 3 functional domains: an N-terminal dimerization domain (residues 1–32), a bipartite DNA-binding motif containing an atypical POU-homeodomain (residues 98–280), and a C-terminal transactivation domain (residues 281–631).^[12][13] There is also a flexible linker (residues 33–97) which connects the dimerization and DNA binding domains.^[14] Crystal structures have been solved for the dimerization domain, which forms a four-helix bundle where two α helices are separated by a turn; the DNA-binding motif, which forms a helix-turn-helix structure; and the POU-homeodomain, which is composed of three α helices, contained in the motif. This homeodomain is considered atypical due to an extended loop inserted between the second and third helices relative to the canonical homeodomain fold. The atypical insertion is thought to stabilize the interface to improve transcriptional efficiency.^[12] Meanwhile, the dimerization domain is responsible for the homo- and heterodimerization of HNF-1α. The resulting dimer contains a rigid “mini-zipper”, comprising α-helices 1 and 1′, linked by a non-canonical tight turn to a flexible C-terminal comprising α-helices 2 and 2′.^[13]

Function

HNF-1α is a transcription factor expressed in organs of endoderm origin, including liver, kidneys, pancreas, intestines, stomach, spleen, thymus, testis, and keratinocytes and melanocytes in human skin.^[15] It has been shown to affect intestinal epithelial cell growth and cell lineages differentiation. For instance, HNF1A is an important cell-intrinsic transcription factor in adult B lymphopoiesis.^[16][17][18] The participation of HNF-1α in glucose metabolism and diabetes has been reported, including the involvement in GLUT1 and GLUT2 transporter expression in pancreatic β-cells and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 gene expression in pancreatic islets.^[19][20] HNF-1α could promote the transcription of several proteins involved in the management of type II diabetes including dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV/CD26).^[21][22] HNF-1α is also involved in various metabolic pathways of other organs, such as being a transcriptional regulator of bile acid transporters in the intestine and kidneys.^[23] HNF-1α is involved in the promotion of hepatic organic cation transporters, which uptake certain classes of pharmaceuticals; hence, the loss of its function can lead to drug metabolism problems.^[24] In addition, HNF-1α regulates the expression of acute phase proteins, such as fibrinogen, c-reactive protein, and interleukin 1 receptor, which are involved with inflammation.^[25] Moreover, significantly lower levels of HNF-1α in pancreatic tumors and hepatocellular adenomas than in normal adjacent tissues was observed, suggesting that HNF-1α might play a possible tumor suppressor role.^[26][27]

Clinical significance

HNF1A mutations can cause maturity onset diabetes of the young type 3, one of the forms of "monogenic diabetes",^[5] as well as hepatocellular adenoma. HNF-1 protein is present in clear cell carcinoma of ovary ^[28][29]

In humans, mutations in HNF1A cause diabetes that responds to low dose sulfonylurea agents.^[30] The identification of extreme sulfonylurea sensitivity in patients with diabetes mellitus owing to heterozygous mutations in HNF1A presents a clear example of the relevance of HNF1A in diabetes patients and how pharmacogenetics can contribute in patient care.^[31] For example, patients with maturity onset diabetes of the young owing to mutations in HNF1A (which accounts for ~3% of all diabetes mellitus cases diagnosed under the age of 30 years) are extremely sensitive to sulfonylurea treatment and can successfully transition off insulin treatment.^[32] Likewise, patients with diabetes caused by mutations in the HNF1A gene have been described as sensitive to the hypoglycemic effects of sulphonylureas. The cause of hyperglycemia appears to alter the response to hypoglycemic drugs. Accordingly, HNF-1α-induced diabetes has marked sulphonylurea sensitivity. This pharmacogenetic effect is consistent with models of HNF-1α deficiency, and the genetic basis of hyperglycemia may have implications for patient management.^[9]

Clinical Marker

A multi-locus genetic risk score study based on a combination of 27 loci, including the HNF1A gene, identified individuals at increased risk for both incident and recurrent coronary artery disease events, as well as an enhanced clinical benefit from statin therapy. The study was based on a community cohort study (the Malmo Diet and Cancer study) and four additional randomized controlled trials of primary prevention cohorts (JUPITER and ASCOT) and secondary prevention cohorts (CARE and PROVE IT-TIMI 22).^[10]

Interactions

HNF1A has been shown to interact with:

• CREB-binding protein^[33] and
• EP300,^[34]
• PCAF,^[33]
• PCBD1,^[35][36]
• RAC3,^[33] and
• Src.^[33]

See also

• Hepatocyte nuclear factors
• Maturity onset diabetes of the young

References

1. "Diseases that are genetically associated with HNF1A view/edit references on wikidata".
2. "Human PubMed Reference:".
3. "Mouse PubMed Reference:".
4. Szpirer C, Riviere M, Cortese R, Nakamura T, Islam MQ, Levan G, Szpirer J (June 1992). "Chromosomal localization in man and rat of the genes encoding the liver-enriched transcription factors C/EBP, DBP, and HNF1/LFB-1 (CEBP, DBP, and transcription factor 1, TCF1, respectively) and of the hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor gene (HGF)". Genomics. 13 (2): 293–300. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(92)90245-N. PMID 1535333.
5. Vaxillaire M, Boccio V, Philippi A, Vigouroux C, Terwilliger J, Passa P, Beckmann JS, Velho G, Lathrop GM, Froguel P (April 1995). "A gene for maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) maps to chromosome 12q". Nature Genetics. 9 (4): 418–23. doi:10.1038/ng0495-418. PMID 7795649.
6. "HNF1A HNF1 homeobox A [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2016-10-11.
7. "BioGPS - your Gene Portal System". biogps.org. Retrieved 2016-10-11.
8. Courtois G, Morgan JG, Campbell LA, Fourel G, Crabtree GR (October 1987). "Interaction of a liver-specific nuclear factor with the fibrinogen and alpha 1-antitrypsin promoters". Science. 238 (4827): 688–92. doi:10.1126/science.3499668. PMID 3499668.
9. Pearson ER, Starkey BJ, Powell RJ, Gribble FM, Clark PM, Hattersley AT (October 2003). "Genetic cause of hyperglycaemia and response to treatment in diabetes". Lancet. 362 (9392): 1275–81. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14571-0. PMID 14575972.
10. Mega JL, Stitziel NO, Smith JG, Chasman DI, Caulfield MJ, Devlin JJ, Nordio F, Hyde CL, Cannon CP, Sacks FM, Poulter NR, Sever PS, Ridker PM, Braunwald E, Melander O, Kathiresan S, Sabatine MS (June 2015). "Genetic risk, coronary heart disease events, and the clinical benefit of statin therapy: an analysis of primary and secondary prevention trials". Lancet. 385 (9984): 2264–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61730-X. PMID 25748612.
11. "HNF1A - Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-alpha - Homo sapiens (Human) - HNF1A gene & protein". www.uniprot.org. Retrieved 2016-10-11.
12. Chi YI, Frantz JD, Oh BC, Hansen L, Dhe-Paganon S, Shoelson SE (November 2002). "Diabetes mutations delineate an atypical POU domain in HNF-1alpha". Molecular Cell. 10 (5): 1129–37. PMID 12453420.
13. Narayana N, Phillips NB, Hua QX, Jia W, Weiss MA (September 2006). "Diabetes mellitus due to misfolding of a beta-cell transcription factor: stereospecific frustration of a Schellman motif in HNF-1alpha". Journal of Molecular Biology. 362 (3): 414–29. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2006.06.086. PMID 16930618.
14. Narayana N, Phillips NB, Hua QX, Jia W, Weiss MA (September 2006). "Diabetes mellitus due to misfolding of a beta-cell transcription factor: stereospecific frustration of a Schellman motif in HNF-1alpha". Journal of Molecular Biology. 362 (3): 414–29. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2006.06.086. PMID 16930618.
15. Real Hernandez LM, Fan J, Johnson MH, Gonzalez de Mejia E (2015-01-01). "Berry Phenolic Compounds Increase Expression of Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor-1α (HNF-1α) in Caco-2 and Normal Colon Cells Due to High Affinities with Transcription and Dimerization Domains of HNF-1α". PloS One. 10 (9): e0138768. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138768. PMC 4587667. PMID 26413797.
16. Lussier CR, Brial F, Roy SA, Langlois MJ, Verdu EF, Rivard N, Perreault N, Boudreau F (2010-01-01). "Loss of hepatocyte-nuclear-factor-1alpha impacts on adult mouse intestinal epithelial cell growth and cell lineages differentiation". PloS One. 5 (8): e12378. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012378. PMC 2927538. PMID 20808783.
17. D'Angelo A, Bluteau O, Garcia-Gonzalez MA, Gresh L, Doyen A, Garbay S, Robine S, Pontoglio M (May 2010). "Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1alpha and beta control terminal differentiation and cell fate commitment in the gut epithelium". Development. 137 (9): 1573–82. doi:10.1242/dev.044420. PMID 20388655.
18. von Wnuck Lipinski K, Sattler K, Peters S, Weske S, Keul P, Klump H, Heusch G, Göthert JR, Levkau B (February 2016). "Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1A Is a Cell-Intrinsic Transcription Factor Required for B Cell Differentiation and Development in Mice". Journal of Immunology. 196 (4): 1655–65. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1500897. PMID 26800876.
19. Luni C, Marth JD, Doyle FJ (2012-01-01). "Computational modeling of glucose transport in pancreatic β-cells identifies metabolic thresholds and therapeutic targets in diabetes". PloS One. 7 (12): e53130. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053130. PMC 3531366. PMID 23300881.
20. Pedersen KB, Chhabra KH, Nguyen VK, Xia H, Lazartigues E (November 2013). "The transcription factor HNF1α induces expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in pancreatic islets from evolutionarily conserved promoter motifs". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1829 (11): 1225–35. doi:10.1016/j.bbagrm.2013.09.007. PMC 3838857. PMID 24100303.
21. Gu N, Adachi T, Matsunaga T, Takeda J, Tsujimoto G, Ishihara A, Yasuda K, Tsuda K (August 2006). "Mutant HNF-1alpha and mutant HNF-1beta identified in MODY3 and MODY5 downregulate DPP-IV gene expression in Caco-2 cells". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 346 (3): 1016–23. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.06.010. PMID 16781669.
22. Gu N, Tsuda M, Matsunaga T, Adachi T, Yasuda K, Ishihara A, Tsuda K (December 2008). "Glucose regulation of dipeptidyl peptidase IV gene expression is mediated by hepatocyte nuclear factor-1alpha in epithelial intestinal cells". Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 35 (12): 1433–9. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.2008.05015.x. PMID 18671716.
23. Shih DQ, Bussen M, Sehayek E, Ananthanarayanan M, Shneider BL, Suchy FJ, Shefer S, Bollileni JS, Gonzalez FJ, Breslow JL, Stoffel M (April 2001). "Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1alpha is an essential regulator of bile acid and plasma cholesterol metabolism". Nature Genetics. 27 (4): 375–82. doi:10.1038/86871. PMID 11279518.
24. O'Brien VP, Bokelmann K, Ramírez J, Jobst K, Ratain MJ, Brockmöller J, Tzvetkov MV (October 2013). "Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 regulates the expression of the organic cation transporter 1 via binding to an evolutionary conserved region in intron 1 of the OCT1 gene". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 347 (1): 181–92. doi:10.1124/jpet.113.206359. PMC 3781413. PMID 23922447.
25. Armendariz AD, Krauss RM (April 2009). "Hepatic nuclear factor 1-alpha: inflammation, genetics, and atherosclerosis". Current Opinion in Lipidology. 20 (2): 106–11. PMID 19280766.
26. Luo Z, Li Y, Wang H, Fleming J, Li M, Kang Y, Zhang R, Li D (2015-01-01). "Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1A (HNF1A) as a possible tumor suppressor in pancreatic cancer". PloS One. 10 (3): e0121082. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121082. PMC 4368635. PMID 25793983.
27. Bluteau O, Jeannot E, Bioulac-Sage P, Marqués JM, Blanc JF, Bui H, Beaudoin JC, Franco D, Balabaud C, Laurent-Puig P, Zucman-Rossi J (October 2002). "Bi-allelic inactivation of TCF1 in hepatic adenomas". Nature Genetics. 32 (2): 312–5. doi:10.1038/ng1001. PMID 12355088.
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29. Offman SL, Longacre TA (September 2012). "Clear cell carcinoma of the female genital tract (not everything is as clear as it seems)". Advances in Anatomic Pathology. 19 (5): 296–312. doi:10.1097/PAP.0b013e31826663b1. PMID 22885379.
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32. Pearson ER, Starkey BJ, Powell RJ, Gribble FM, Clark PM, Hattersley AT (October 2003). "Genetic cause of hyperglycaemia and response to treatment in diabetes". Lancet. 362 (9392): 1275–81. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14571-0. PMID 14575972.
33. Soutoglou E, Papafotiou G, Katrakili N, Talianidis I (April 2000). "Transcriptional activation by hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 requires synergism between multiple coactivator proteins". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (17): 12515–20. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.17.12515. PMID 10777539.
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Further reading

• Eastman Q, Grosschedl R (April 1999). "Regulation of LEF-1/TCF transcription factors by Wnt and other signals". Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 11 (2): 233–40. doi:10.1016/S0955-0674(99)80031-3. PMID 10209158.
• Bioulac-Sage P, Blanc JF, Rebouissou S, Balabaud C, Zucman-Rossi J (May 2007). "Genotype phenotype classification of hepatocellular adenoma". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 13 (19): 2649–54. doi:10.3748/wjg.v13.i19.2649. PMID 17569132.