Outline of immunology
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| Immunology |
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The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to immunology:
Immunology is the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms.[1] It deals with the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and disease; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, transplant rejection); the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system in vitro, in situ, and in vivo.
Essence of immunology
- Main article: Immunology
- Branch of Biomedical science
- Immune system
- Immunity
Branches of immunology
- Classical immunology
- Clinical immunology
- Computational immunology
- Diagnostic immunology
- Evolutionary immunology
- Systems immunology
- Immunomics
- Immunoproteomics
- Immunophysics
- Immunochemistry
- Ecoimmunology
- Immunopathology
- Nutritional immunology
- Psychoneuroimmunology
- Reproductive immunology
- Circadian immunology
- Immunotoxicology
- Palaeoimmunology
- Tissue-based immunology
- Testicular immunology - Testes
- Immunodermatology - Skin
- Intravascular immunology - Blood
- Osteoimmunology - Bone
- Mucosal immunology - Mucosal surfaces
- Neuroimmunology - Neuroimmune system in the Central nervous system
- Ocularimmunology - Ocular immune system in the Eye
- Cancer immunology/Immunooncology - Tumors
History of immunology
- Main article: History of immunology
General immunological concepts
- Immunity against:
- Intrinsic immunity
- Leukocyte extravasation
- Cross-presentation
- Immune repertoire
- Original antigenic sin
- Antigen presentation
- Immunological synapse
- Co-stimulation
Components of the immune system
Main article: Immune system
Adaptive immune system
- Main article: Adaptive immune system
-
- Kinds of Antibodies
- Classification
- Functions
- Regions
-
Innate immune system
- Main article: Innate immune system
- Surface barriers – Physical or chemical barriers that prevent infection (i.e. skin, tears, mucus, saliva, Gastric acid, etc.)
- Positive
- Negative
Organs of the immune system
- Main article: Lymphatic System
Primary Lymphoid Organs
- Main article: Primary Lymphoid Organs
- Thymus - Site of T Cell maturation
- Bone Marrow - Site of Haematopoiesis and B Cell maturation
Secondary Lymphoid Organs
- Main article: Secondary Lymphoid Organs
- Gut-associated lymphoid tissue
- Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue
Cells of the immune system
- Main article: White blood cells
Myeloid Cells
- Main articles: Myeloid cells and Phagocytes
- See also: Sentinel cell
- Histiocytes (Tissue resident macrophages)
- Adipose tissue macrophages
- Kupffer cell - Liver
- Alveolar macrophage (Dust cell) - Lung
- Langerhans cell - Skin
- Dermal macrophage - Dermis
- Microglia - CNS
- Perivascular macrophage
- Meningeal macrophage - Meninges
- Hofbauer cell - Placenta
- Osteoclasts - Bone
- Bone marrow macrophage - Bone marrow
- Marginal zone macrophage - Spleen
- Metallophilic macrophage - Spleen
- Red pulp macrophage - Splenic red pulp
- Tingible body macrophage (White pulp macrophage) - Splenic white pulp
- Epithelioid cells
- Bone marrow-derived macrophages - Generated in vitro
Lymphoid Cells
- Main article: Lymphoid cells
- B cells
- Plasma B cells
- Memory B cells
- B-1 cells
- B-2 cells (the conventional B cells most texts refer to)
- Marginal-zone B cells
- Follicular B cells
- T cells
- Naive T cells
- Helper T cells - Commonly termed CD4+ T cells
- Th1 cells
- Th2 cells
- Th3 cells
- Th17 cells
- TFH cells - Follicular helper T cells
- Cytotoxic T cells - Commonly termed CD8+ T cells
- Memory T cells
- Regulatory T cells
- Natural Killer T cells (NKT cells)
- γδ T cells
- Mucosal associated invariant T cells
- Innate lymphoid cells (ILC)
- Group 1 ILC
- Natural killer cells (NK cells)
- Group 2 ILC
- Group 3 ILC
- Lymphoid Tissue inducer cells (LTi cells)
- Group 1 ILC
- B cells
Others
- (Non-hematopoietic cells with immune functions)
- Epithelial cells
- Pericytes
- Microfold cells (M cells)
Hematopoiesis
- Main articles: Hematopoiesis and Hematopoietic stem cell
-
-
- T cell development
- B cell development
- Pre-pro-B cell
- Early pro-B cell
- Late pro-B cell
- Large pre-B cell
- Small pre-B cell
- Immature B cell
- Common myeloid progenitor (CFU-GEMM)
- Granulocyte-macrophage progenitor (CFU-GM)
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- Monoblast (CFU-M)
- CFU-DL - Dendritic cell / Langerhans cell precursor
- CFU-Baso (Basophil precursor)
- CFU-Eos (Eosinophil precursor)
- Megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cell (MEP)
- Mast cell precursors
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Molecules of the Immune System
Immune receptors
Main articles: Immune receptor and co-receptors
Antigen receptors
-
- Antigen receptor - B cell receptor (BCR)
- Subunits- Immunoglobulin heavy chain / Immunoglobulin light chain
- Co-receptors
- Accessory molecule (CD79)
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
Main article: Pattern recognition receptor
- C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) [2][3]
- See also: C-type lectin
- Group 1 CLRs - Mannose receptors
- Group 2 CLRs - Asialoglycoprotein receptor family
- Dectin 1 subfamily
- DCIR subfamily
-
- Class A - Trimers
-
- Class B - Two transmembrane domains
- Others
- Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs)
-
- NOD-like receptors (NLRs)
- NLRA (A for acidic transactivating domain)
- NLRB (B for BIR, or Inhibitor of apoptosis domain)
- NLRC (C for CARD domain)
- NLRP (P for Pyrin domain)
- NLRX
- RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) - Intracellular sensors of viral replication by direct interaction with dsRNA
- Secreted PRRs
- Complement system (see complement proteins section)
- Collectins
- Mannan-binding lectin (MBL)
- Surfactant protein A (SP-A)
- Surfactant protein D (SP-D)
- CL-L1
- CL-P1
- CL-K1
Complement receptors
Main article: Complement receptor
- CR1 (CD35)
- CR2 (CD21)
- CR3 - Heterodimer: CD11b / CD18
- CR4 - Heterodimer: CD11c / CD18
- CRIg (Complement receptor of the immunoglobulin family)
- Anaphylatoxin receptors
- C3a receptor
- C5a receptor (CD88)
- C5AR2
Fc receptors
Main article: Fc receptor
- Fc-gamma receptors (FcγR)
- Fc-alpha receptors (FcαR)
- Fc-epsilon receptors (FcεR)
- Secreted Fc receptors
- Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (poly-Ig)
Cytokine receptors
Main article: Cytokine receptor
- Type I cytokine receptors (Hemopoietin receptors) - Share extracellular WSXWS motif, Grouped by common receptor subunits
- Common gamma chain (γ-chain, CD132)
- Common beta chain (β-chain, CD131)
- Common gp130 subunit (gp130, CD130)
- IL12 receptor beta 1 subunit (IL12RB1)
- Others
- Type II cytokine receptor - Lack WSXWS motif
-
- Interferon-α/β receptor (IFNAR) - Heterodimer: IFNAR1 / IFNAR2
- Interferon-γ receptor (IFNGR) - Heterodimer: IFNGR1 / IFNGR2
- Interleukin receptors
- Immunoglobulin superfamily (Some members)
- CSF1
- CD117 (c-KIT)
- IL1 receptor family (IL1R)
- IL1R type 1 (CD121a)
- IL1R type 2 (CD121b)
- IL1R accessory protein (IL1RAP)
- IL1RL1 (IL33R, ST2)
- Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family - Trimeric cytokine receptors
- Chemokine receptors - 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors
- CC chemokine receptors (CCRs)
- CXC chemokine receptors (CXCRs)
-
- TGF beta receptors - Single transmembrane pass serine/threonine kinase receptors
Natural killer cell receptors
Main article: Natural killer cell receptors
- Killer activation receptors (KARs)
- Natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs)
- Natural killer group 2 receptors (NKG2s)
- NKG2A
- NKG2B
- NKG2C
- NKG2D
- NKG2E
- NKG2H
- Activating KIRs
- Killer inhibitory receptors (KIRs)
- Two domains, long cytoplasmic tail
- Two domains, short cytoplasmic tail
- Three domains, long cytoplasmic tail
- Three domains, short cytoplasmic tail
- KIR3DS1
Others
-
- LILR subfamily A
- LILR subfamily B
Antibodies
Main article: Antibodies
- Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
- Immunoglobulin D (IgD)
- Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
- Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
- Immunoglobulin M (IgM)
Cytokines
Main article: Cytokine
- See also: Chemotaxis
-
- CX3CL1 (Fractalkine, Neurotactin)
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MHCs
Main article: Major histocompatibility complex
See also: Human leukocyte antigen
Complement proteins
- Early stage (divided by pathway)
- Middle stage
- C3 - C3a / C3b / iC3b
- C5 - C5a
- C3-convertase
- C5-convertase
- Late stage
- Membrane attack complex (MAC)
- Complement pathway inhibitors
- C1-inhibitor - Classical, Lectin, Alternate
- Decay-accelerating factor (CD59) - Classical, Lectin, Alternate
- Factor I - Classical, Lectin, Alternate
- C4BP - Classical, Lectin
- Factor H - Alternate
Antimicrobial peptides
Main article: Antimicrobial peptides
Transcription factors
- T-bet - TH1 differentiation
- GATA3 - TH2 differentiation
- RORγT - TH17 differentiation
- BCL6 - TFH differentiation
- FoxP3 - Treg differentiation
Signaling pathways
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)
Main article: Cell adhesion molecules
- Integrins - Obligate heterodimers of one alpha and one beta subunits
- Alpha subunits
- Beta subunits
- Dimers
- Cytoadhesin receptor
- Integrin alpha6beta4
- Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa - Heterodimer: ITGA2B / ITGB3
- Fibrinogen receptor
- Macrophage-1 antigen (CR3) - Heterodimer: CD11b / CD18
- Fibronectin receptor:
- Integrin alpha2beta1
- Integrin alpha4beta1
- Integrin alpha5beta1
- Leukocyte-adhesion receptor:
- LFA-1 - Heterodimer: CD11a / CD18
- Macrophage-1 antigen (CR3) - Heterodimer: CD11b / CD18
- Integrin alphaXbeta2 (CR4) - Heterodimer: CD11c / CD18
- Very late antigen receptor:
- Integrin alpha1beta1
- Integrin alpha2beta1
- Integrin alpha3beta1
- VLA-4 - Heterodimer: CD49d / CD29
- Alpha-5 beta-1
- Integrin alpha6beta1
- Vitronectin receptor:
- SynCAMs - Synaptic cell adhesion molecules
- NCAMs - Neural cell adhesion molecules
- Intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs)
- L1-CAM
- CHL1
- Neurofascin
- NrCAM
- SIGLEC family - Sialic acid binding lectins
- CTX family
- CTX
- Junctional adhesion molecule
- BT-IGSF
- CAR
- VSIG
- ESAM
- CD2 family
- Others
Others
- Co-stimulatory molecules
Immune system disorders
Main article: Immune disorder
Hypersensitivity and Allergy
-
- Foreign
- Autoimmune
- Foreign
- Autoimmune
- Type 4 hypersensitivity (Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity)
- Foreign
- Autoimmune
- GVHD (Graft-versus-host disease)
- Unknown/Multiple types
Immunodeficiency
Main article: Immunodeficiency
See also: Immunocompetence
Cancers of the immune system
Myeloid diseases
Inflammatory diseases
Immunoproliferative immunoglobulin disorders
Main article: Immunoproliferative immunoglobulin disorders
Lymphatic organ disease
Immunologic techniques and tests
- Flow cytometry
- Mass cytometry
- Histology
- Adoptive cell transfer
- Experiments in immunology
- Genetically modified mouse
- Immunofluorescence
- Immunofixation
- Immunoadsorption
- MHC multimer
- Hybridoma technology
Immunology and Health
- Activation immunotherapy
-
- Temporarily induced immunity
- Adoptive immunity
Immunologists
Immunology lists
- List of autoimmune diseases
- List of immunologists
- List of viruses
- List of human clusters of differentiation
- List of vaccine ingredients
- List of allergens
- List of cytokines
- List of cytokine receptors
- List of pattern recognition receptors
- List of tissue-resident macrophages
- List of branches of immunology
- List of acute-phase proteins
References
- ↑ Janeway's Immunobiology textbook Searchable free online version at the National Center for Biotechnology Information
- ↑ http://www.genenames.org/genefamilies/CLEC. Retrieved 6 March 2014. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Geijtenbeek TB, Gringhuis SI (July 2009). "Signalling through C-type lectin receptors: shaping immune responses". Nat. Rev. Immunol. 9 (7): 465–79. doi:10.1038/nri2569. PMID 19521399.
- ↑ Royet J, Gupta D, Dziarski R (December 2011). "Peptidoglycan recognition proteins: modulators of the microbiome and inflammation". Nat. Rev. Immunol. 11 (12): 837–51. doi:10.1038/nri3089. PMID 22076558.
External links
- BMC: Immunology- BioMed Central:Immunology is an open access journal publishing original peer-reviewed research articles.
- Nature Reviews Immunology (journal home)
- Janeway's Immunobiology textbook Searchable free online version at the National Center for Biotechnology Information
- Overview at Medical College of Georgia
- MUGEN NoE murine models for immunological disease
- Transplantation Immunology Interesting web site made by the faculty of medicine of the University of Geneva dealing with the immunological issues linked with the transplantation of materials genetically different between donor and recipient (hematopoietical stem cells, organs or the transfusion of blood).
- Online lectures in immunology University of South Carolina
- BRT-Burleson Research Technologies Tests the effects of pharmaceuticals in the developmental stage on the immune system.
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