List of federal political sex scandals in the United States

Over the centuries, many sex scandals have involved incumbent United States federal elected politicians, as well as persons appointed with the consent of the U.S. Senate.^[1][2][3] Sometimes the officials have denied the accusations, or have apologized, or have lost their office in consequence of the scandal (e.g. by resigning or being defeated or deciding not to run again).

This list is ordered chronologically. There is some emphasis on sex scandals since the mid-1970s, because before then the media was less inclined to cover these matters.^[4] Additionally, outing people because of perceptions that their political positions are anti-gay has become increasingly common since 1989.^[5] More generally, any perceived inconsistency between personal conduct and policy positions makes a politician's sex life more likely to become publicized.

For these listed people, either the scandal, or the behavior which gave rise to it, occurred while they were occupying their high federal offices, and one or the other date may be used here, even if coverage of the scandal was entirely posthumous. Politicians' sex crimes are not covered in this particular list, regardless of whether there has been a verdict yet.^[6]

Definitions

One of the definitions of sex is "physical activity in which people touch each other's bodies, kiss each other, etc."^[7] Thus, instances or accusations of sexism or homophobia that do not include or seek that sort of physical activity are not covered by this list.

Scandal is defined as "loss of or damage to reputation caused by actual or apparent violation of morality or propriety".^[8] Scandal is not the same as controversy, which implies two differing points of view, and is also not the same as unpopularity. Misunderstandings, breaches of ethics, or cover-ups may or may not result in scandals depending on the amount of publicity generated, and the seriousness of the alleged behavior.^[9]

List

1776–1899

1. Alexander Hamilton (F), Secretary of the Treasury, had an affair with Maria Reynolds while both were married to other people (see Hamilton-Reynolds sex scandal). Reynolds' husband blackmailed Hamilton who paid to maintain secrecy. In 1797, when Hamilton no longer held the post of Treasury Secretary, the affair was publicized by journalist James Callender, after which Hamilton publicly apologized. Said Hamilton: "This confession is not made without a blush....I can never cease to condemn myself for the pang which it may inflict in a bosom eminently entitled to all my gratitude, fidelity, and love." (1796)^[10][11]
2. Thomas Jefferson (DR-VA), President, was publicly accused of fathering the children of his slave Sally Hemings, by journalist James Callender (who had also publicized Alexander Hamilton's affair) in the Jefferson–Hemings controversy.^[12] Hemings was the half-sister of Jefferson's late wife Martha, and based partly upon DNA evidence there is now a scholarly consensus that either a Thomas Jefferson relative or Thomas Jefferson fathered several of Sally Hemings' children.^[13][14] In January 2000, a Thomas Jefferson Foundation research committee concluded that all the known evidence indicated with high probability that Thomas Jefferson was the father of Eston Hemings, and that he was also likely the father of all six of Sally Hemings's children listed in Monticello records. A later report from a Thomas Jefferson Heritage Society committee differed and came to the conclusion that Randolph is more likely the father, or possibly that one of Jefferson's Carr nephews is the father.^[15](1802)
3. Andrew Jackson (D-FL), U.S. Congressman, U.S. Senator, Governor of Florida, and later President of the United States, had married Rachel Donelson Jackson in 1791. Both of them believed her divorce from her abusive, alcoholic first husband, Lewis Robards, was final. However, Robards had never completed his paperwork, rendering Jackson and Rachel's 1791 marriage void; and the couple married again in 1795. Throughout his later career, opponents of Jackson portrayed Rachel as a bigamist. Shortly after he was elected president in 1828 (but before the inauguration) Rachel suffered a nervous collapse and died. Jackson blamed this on the bigamy charges during the campaign, and he was bereft at the loss of his wife. (1828)^[16][17]
4. Richard Mentor Johnson, Senator (D-KY), did not attempt to hide his relationship with a slave named Julia Chinn, which caused his own party to distance themselves from him and contributed to his failed Senate re-election bid in 1828.^[18] Though they were prohibited from marrying, Johnson treated her as his common-law wife, and they had children. She died in 1833, before he became Vice-President under Martin Van Buren.
5. John Henry Eaton (D), Secretary of War, had had an affair with the wife of John B. Timberlake, which allegedly drove Timberlake to suicide (see Petticoat Affair). Eaton then married the widow, Margaret, which led to social and political difficulties during the administration of President Andrew Jackson (1831).
6. James Henry Hammond,(Nullifier Party - SC) U.S. Representative and later Senator,^[19] engaged in a homosexual relationship with a college friend, pursued what he called "a little dalliance" with his teenage nieces, and had sexual relationships with female slaves including a girl aged 12.^[20] The affair with his nieces became public in 1843, and forced Hammond to withdraw from his Senate bid in 1846, but he later became a U.S. Senator again in 1857.^[21]
7. Daniel Webster, U.S. Senator (W-MA), was the subject of accusations by a reporter, Jane Grey Swisshelm, in May 1850 while he was married and still serving in Congress: "His mistresses are generally, if not always, colored women — some of them big black wenches as ugly and vulgar as himself". The national press widely copied the charges, which are at least partly corroborated by other sources. (1850)^[22]
8. James Buchanan (D), U.S. Senator, diplomat, later President of the United States, and William Rufus King (D-NC) who served as Vice-President under Franklin Pierce and who died in 1853 before Buchanan became president, were the subject of scandalous gossip alleging a homosexual affair in Washington, D.C., for many years. Andrew Jackson referred to King as "Miss Nancy".^[23] (1850s)
9. Grover Cleveland, President (D-OH): During the 1884 presidential race,^[24] the news broke that Cleveland had paid child support to the widowed Maria Crofts Halpin for her son Oscar Folsom Cleveland, born in 1874.^[25] Cleveland's acknowledgement of Oscar's paternity ameliorated the situation^[25] but the controversy prompted Cleveland's opponents to adopt the chant, "Ma, ma, where's my pa?" After Cleveland won the election, the chant was answered by, "Gone to the White House, ha, ha, ha!" (1884)^[26]
10. William Campbell Preston Breckinridge, Representative (D-KY). Former mistress Madeleine Pollard sued Breckinridge for breach of promise after his wife died and he failed to marry Pollard as promised. The congressman was not reelected. (1894)

1900–1969

1. Warren Harding, President (R), reportedly had affairs with Carrie Phillips and Nan Britton during the 1910s and early 1920s prior to his death in 1923. Britton claimed in a best-selling 1927 book, The President's Daughter, that her daughter had been fathered by Harding while he was a U.S. senator. Her assertion was finally established as factual in August 2015, when genetic tests confirmed Harding as the father of Elizabeth.^[27]
2. David I. Walsh, Senator (D-MA), was accused of visiting a male brothel frequented by Nazi spies in Brooklyn in 1942.^[28]
3. John F. Kennedy, President (D), was alleged to have been linked to a number of extramarital affairs, including allegations of involvement with Marilyn Monroe, with Judith Campbell Exner^[29] and with intern Mimi Alford during 1962–1963.^[30][31][32]
4. William O. Douglas, U.S. Supreme Court Justice, allegedly pursued other women while married to his third wife, which, combined with his three divorces and remarriages, was considered scandalous. He also reportedly tried to molest a flight attendant in his judicial chambers. Attempted impeachment based upon his moral character failed, when the House Judiciary Committee found insufficient grounds for impeachment.^[33][34] (1960s)

1970–1979

1. Wilbur Mills, Representative (D-AR), was found intoxicated with stripper Fanne Foxe. He was re-elected anyway, but resigned after giving an intoxicated press conference from Foxe's burlesque house dressing room. (1974)^[35]
2. Allan Howe, Representative (D-UT), was arrested for soliciting two police officers posing as prostitutes. (1976)^[36]
3. John Young, Representative (D-TX): A former female staffer said she received a pay raise after giving in to Young's sexual advances. (1976)^[37]
4. Wayne Hays, Representative (D-OH): The Elizabeth Ray sex scandal ended his career in 1976. The Washington Post reported that Ray had been on the payroll of a committee run by Hays for two years as a clerk-secretary. During that time, she admitted, her actual job duties were providing Congressman Hays sexual favors: "I can't type, I can't file, I can't even answer the phone." (1976)^[38][39][40]
5. Fred Richmond, Representative (D-NY): Charges that he solicited sex from a 16-year-old boy were dropped after he submitted to counseling. (1978)^[41]
6. Robert L. Leggett, Representative (D-CA), acknowledged that he fathered two illegitimate children by a Congressional secretary, whom he supported financially. He then had an affair with another woman, who was an aide to Speaker Carl Albert. (1976)^[42]

1980–1989

1. Donald "Buz" Lukens Representative (R-OH) Convicted of Contributing to the Delinquency of a Minor for having sex with a 16 yr old girl. He was sentenced to 30 days in jail and fined $500. (1989)^[43]
2. Robert Bauman, Representative (R-MD), was charged with attempting to solicit sex from a 16-year-old male prostitute.^[44] Upon completing an alcoholism rehabilitation program, the charges were dropped. Bauman apologized to voters for his indiscretions but was defeated for re-election.^[45] (1980)
3. Jon Hinson, Representative (R-MS), resigned after being charged with attempted sodomy for performing oral sex on a male employee of the Library of Congress.^[46] (1981)
4. Thomas Evans, Representative (R-DE), went golfing in Florida with nude model and lobbyist Paula Parkinson, who later suggested her lobbying techniques had been "unusually tactile".^[47] Though Evans apologized for any appearance of impropriety, he was voted out of office in 1982. Future Vice-President Dan Quayle and Congressman Tom Railsback went on the golf trip too but were not implicated in the sex.^[48] Marilyn Quayle said it was common knowledge that her husband would "rather play golf than have sex any day."^[49] (1981)
5. John Schmitz, Representative (R-CA), leader of the ultra-conservative John Birch Society,^[50] admitted to having a second family, but refused to accept or support the two children he produced who became wards of the state. (1982)^[51]
6. Dan Crane, Representative, (R-IL), was censured July 20, 1983, in the Congressional Page sex scandal for having sex with a young congressional page. (1983)^[52]
7. Gerry Studds, Representative (D-MA), was censured July 20, 1983, in the Congressional Page sex scandal for having sex with a young congressional staffer. (1983)^[52]
8. Gary Hart, Senator (D-CO): while seeking the Democratic nomination for president, Hart was photographed with model Donna Rice on a boat named 'Monkey Business' during a trip to the Bahamas. His popularity plummeted and he soon dropped out. (1987)^[53]
9. Ernie Konnyu, Representative (R-CA), Konnyu was accused of sexual harassment. He had asked a female aide to move a name tag she was wearing because it was drawing attention to her breasts, about which he later said: "She is not exactly heavily stacked, OK?" In another instance, he reportedly touched the knee of lobbyist Polly Minor during lunch, which caused a scene. GOP leaders were unhappy with Konnyu's temperament anyway, so they found Stanford professor Tom Campbell who ousted Konnyu the following June.^[54][55] (1987)
10. Jim Bates, Representative (D-CA), made sexual advances toward female staffers.^[56] (1988)
11. Edward Kennedy, Senator (D-MA), was often portrayed scandalously in gossip columns and tabloids, owing to numerous and barely concealed extramarital affairs plus notorious public incidents, including public sex in 1985 and 1987 at La Brasserie restaurant in Washington D.C.^[57] (1980s)
12. Barney Frank, Representative (D-MA), was reprimanded by the House for fixing 33 parking tickets for Steve Gobie, a male escort who lived with Frank and claimed to have conducted an escort service from Frank's apartment without his knowledge. (1989)^[58]
13. Gus Savage, Representative (D-IL), was accused of trying to force himself on a female Peace Corps worker while in Zaire.^[59] No action was taken by the House Ethics Committee after he apologized to her. (1989)^[60]

1990–1999

1. Donald "Buz" Lukens Representative (R-OH), resigned before facing an investigation that he fondled a female Washington elevator operator. ^[61] (1990)
2. Austin J. Murphy, Representative (D-PA), acknowledged fathering a child out of wedlock after a political opponent came forward with video of Murphy leaving the home of his mistress.^[62] (1990)
3. Charles S. Robb Senator (D-VA) while married to Lynda Bird Johnson, Robb acknowledged drinking champagne and having a nude massage with Miss Virginia Tai Collins denying an affair, though he admitted an "indiscreet friendship". Collins claimed it was an 18-month affair. Soon after, Collins appeared nude in Playboy.^[63] (1991)
4. Brock Adams, Senator (D-WA), was accused by eight women of committing various acts of sexual misconduct, ranging from sexual harassment to rape.^[64] Adams denied the accusations, there was no criminal prosecution, and he did not run for re-election.^[65] (1992)
5. Robert Packwood, Senator (R-OR), resigned his office after 29 women came forward with claims of sexual harassment, abuse, and assaults. His denials of any wrongdoing were eventually contradicted by his own diaries boasting of his sexual conquests. (1995)^[66]
6. Ken Calvert, Representative (R-CA), was involved with a prostitute, but claimed that no money was involved, and he was not arrested.^[67] Calvert apologized: "My conduct that evening was inappropriate....it violated the values of the person I strive to be."^[67] (1993)
7. Helen Chenoweth-Hage, Representative (R-ID), called for the resignation of Bill Clinton, and then admitted in 1998 to having had a six-year affair with a married rancher before she entered government.^[68] Chenoweth said: "Fourteen years ago, when I was a private citizen and a single woman, I was involved in a relationship that I came to regret, that I'm not proud of....I only wish I could have learned the lessons sooner."^[69] (1998)
8. Bob Barr, Representative (R-GA), had an affair while married. Barr had been the first lawmaker in either chamber to call for Clinton's resignation due to the Lewinsky affair. Barr lost a primary challenge less than three years after the impeachment proceedings. (1999)^[70]
9. Dan Burton, Representative (R-IN): In 1995 speaking of the then-recent affairs of Republican Robert Packwood and the unfolding affair of Democrat Bill Clinton Burton stated "No one, regardless of what party they serve, no one, regardless of what branch of government they serve, should be allowed to get away with these alleged sexual improprieties...." In 1998 Vanity Fair printed an article detailing an affair which Burton himself had in 1983 which produced a child. Before publication Burton admitted to fathering a son with a former state employee.^[71][72]
10. Robert Livingston, Representative (R-LA), called for the resignation of Bill Clinton and when his own extramarital affairs were leaked, his wife urged him to resign and urge Clinton to do likewise.(1998)^[73][74]
11. Newt Gingrich, Representative (R-GA) and leader of the Republican Revolution of 1994,^[75] resigned from the House after admitting in 1998 to having had an affair with a staffer while he was married to his second wife, and at the same time he was leading the impeachment of Bill Clinton for perjury regarding an affair with his intern Monica Lewinsky. (1998)^[76][77]
12. Henry Hyde, Representative (R-IL): in 1998, Salon.com stated that from 1965 to 1969 (before Hyde won federal office), he conducted an extramarital sexual affair with a married woman who had three children from her marriage. Hyde, who was 41 years old and married when the affair occurred, admitted to the affair in 1998, describing the relationship as a "youthful indiscretion".The revelation of this affair took place as Hyde was spearheading the impeachment hearings of President Bill Clinton over the Monica Lewinsky scandal.^[78]
13. Pete Domenici Senator (R-NM) voted for the impeachment of President Bill Clinton in 1998 after his affair with Monica Lewinsky. In 2013 he confessed he had fathered a son outside of his marriage with a prominent Republican government relations consultant and television commentator in the 1970s.^[79][80]
14. Bill Clinton, President (D) Revelations that White House intern Monica Lewinsky had oral sex with Clinton in the Oval Office leading him to famously declare on TV on January 26, 1998, "I did not have sexual relations with that woman, Miss Lewinsky." The scandal led to impeachment by the House for perjury, for lying about the affair under oath. He was acquitted in the Senate with 55 senators voting Not Guilty to 45 senators voting Guilty (falling 22 votes short of the two-thirds necessary to convict). (1998)^[81][82] In a plea bargain to avoid charges of contempt for impeding the initial investigation, Clinton had his law license suspended by the state of Arkansas.^[83]
15. Mel Reynolds, Representative (D-IL), resigned from Congress in 1995 after a conviction for statutory rape. In August 1994, he was indicted for sexual assault and criminal sexual abuse for engaging in a sexual relationship with a 16-year-old campaign volunteer that began during the 1992 campaign.^[84] Despite the charges, he continued his campaign and was re-elected that November; he had no opposition.^[84] Reynolds initially denied the charges, which he claimed were racially motivated. On August 22, 1995, he was convicted on 12 counts of sexual assault, obstruction of justice and solicitation of child pornography. He resigned his seat on October 1 of that year.^[85]

2000–2009

1. Gary Condit, Representative (D-CA): his affair with 23-year-old intern Chandra Levy was exposed after Levy disappeared. Her body was found a year later and in 2008, an illegal immigrant with no relation to Condit was charged with her murder.^[86] Condit had often demanded that Bill Clinton "come clean" about his affair with Monica Lewinsky. (2001)^[87]
2. Ed Schrock, Representative (R-VA), announced he would abort his 2004 attempt for a third term in Congress after allegedly being caught on tape soliciting sex from a male prostitute after having aggressively opposed various gay-rights issues in Congress, such as same-sex marriage and gays in the military.^[88]
3. Strom Thurmond, Senator (R-SC), noted segregationist, fathered a child, Essie Mae Washington-Williams, with a 15-year-old African American in 1925 who was employed by the Thurmond family. (2003)^[89]
4. Steven C. LaTourette, Representative (R-OH), was elected in 1994 and had voted to impeach Bill Clinton for the Lewinsky scandal. He himself had a long-term affair with his chief of staff, Jennifer Laptook, while he was married. He married Laptook after his divorce. (2003)^[90]
5. David Dreier, Representative (R-CA), voted against a number of gay rights proposals, but was outed concerning his relationship with his chief of staff. (2004)^[91] He is featured in the 2009 documentary film Outrage.
6. Don Sherwood, Representative (R-PA), failed to win re-election following revelations of a five-year extramarital affair with Cynthia Ore, who accused him of physically abusing her. (2004)^[92]
7. Mark Foley, Representative (R-FL), resigned his House seat when accused of sending sexually explicit e-mails to teenage male congressional pages. He was replaced by Tim Mahoney. (2006)^[93]
8. David Vitter, Senator (R-LA), took over the House seat of former Congressman Robert Livingston, who resigned in 1999 following revelations of an extramarital affair. At the time, Vitter stated, "I think Livingston's stepping down makes a very powerful argument that (Bill) Clinton should resign as well...."^[94] Vitters' name was then discovered in the address book of the DC Madam Deborah Jeane Palfrey. (2007)^[95]
9. Randall L. Tobias (R), Deputy Secretary of State and former "AIDS Czar" appointed by George W. Bush, stated that U.S. funds should be denied to countries that permitted prostitution.^[96] He resigned on April 27, 2007, after confirming that he had been a customer of Deborah Jeane Palfrey, the DC Madam.^[97]
10. Larry Craig (R-ID) a US Senator for 18 years, was apprehended and arrested on June 11, 2007, with a charge of lewd conduct in a men's restroom at the International Airport in Minneapolis-St. Paul.^{[98][99][100]} He did plead guilty to the lesser charge of disorderly conduct, but changed his mind and tried to revoke the guilty plea.^{[101][102][103]} He announced his resignation three months later on September 1, 2007, but changed his mind again, although he did not seek re-election in 2008. (2007) ^{[104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111]}
11. Tim Mahoney, Representative (D-FL) was elected to the seat of Mark Foley, who had resigned following sexual harassment charges from his congressional interns. Mahoney ran on a campaign promise to make "a world that is safer, more moral". In October 2008, he admitted he placed his mistress on his staff and then fired her, saying, "You work at my pleasure." He then admitted to multiple other affairs.^[112]
12. Vito Fossella, Representative (R-NY), was arrested for drunken driving. Under questioning, the married Congressman and father of three admitted to an affair with Laura Fay that produced a daughter. (2008)^[113]
13. John Edwards, Senator (D-NC), admitted to an extramarital affair with actress and film producer Rielle Hunter, which produced a child, seriously undercutting his 2008 presidential campaign.^[114] (see federal political scandals)
14. John Ensign, Senator (R-NV), resigned his position as chairman of the Senate Republican Policy Committee on June 16, 2009, after admitting he had an affair with the wife of a close friend, both of whom were working on his campaign.^[115] Under investigation, he then resigned his Senate seat 20 months early in 2011^[116] In 1998, Senator Ensign had called for President Bill Clinton (D) to resign after admitting to sexual acts with Monica Lewinsky. (2009)^[117]
15. Chip Pickering, Representative (R-MS): on July 16, 2009, it was announced that his wife had filed an alienation of affection lawsuit against a woman with whom Chip allegedly had an affair.^[118] The lawsuit claimed the adulterous relationship ruined the Pickerings' marriage and his political career. (2009)^[119]

2010–2015

1. Eric Massa, Representative (D-NY), resigned to avoid an ethics investigation into his admitted groping and tickling of multiple male staffers. He later stated on Fox News, "not only did I grope [a staffer], I tickled him until he couldn't breathe," (2010)^[120][121]
2. Mark Souder, Representative (R-IN), a staunch advocate of abstinence and family values,^[122][123] resigned to avoid an ethics investigation into his admitted extramarital affair with a female staffer. (2010)^{[124][125][126]}
3. Chris Lee, Representative (R-NY), resigned hours after a news report that he had sent a shirtless picture of himself flexing his muscles to a woman via Craigslist, along with flirtatious e-mails.^[127] He did not rely on a pseudonym or a false e-mail address but used his official Congressional e-mail for all communication. Lee said: "I regret the harm that my actions have caused my family, my staff and my constituents.... I have made profound mistakes and I promise to work as hard as I can to seek their forgiveness.”^[128] (2011)
4. Anthony Weiner Representative (D-NY), admitted to sending sexually suggestive photos of himself to several women through his Twitter account.^[129] He resigned from Congress on June 16, 2011,^[130] but kept sexting after his resignation.^[131] (2011)
5. Scott DesJarlais, Representative (R-TN), admitted under oath to at least six affairs, including two affairs with his patients and staffers while he was a physician Grandview Medical Center in Jasper, TN. Additionally, while running on a pro-life platform, DesJarlais made his ex-wife have two abortions, and tried to persuade a mistress who was his patient, into an abortion as well.^{[132][133][134]}
6. David Wu, Representative (D-OR), resigned from the House of Representatives after being accused of making unwanted sexual advances toward a fundraiser's daughter. July 26, 2011.^[135][136]
7. Vance McAllister, Representative (R-LA), who is married and the father of five, was caught on surveillance camera deeply kissing a married staffer. Several prominent Republicans asked McAllister to resign. In response, he stated he would not seek re-election in 2016.^[137][138] McCallister said: "There's no doubt I've fallen short and I'm asking for forgiveness. I’m asking for forgiveness from God, my wife, my kids, my staff, and my constituents who elected me to serve". (2014)^[139]

See also

• List of federal political scandals in the United States
• Newport sex scandal, involving behavior by U.S. Navy sailors in 1919.

Federal politicians:

• List of American federal politicians convicted of crimes
• List of United States senators expelled or censured
• List of United States Representatives expelled, censured, or reprimanded

State and local politics:

• List of American state and local politicians convicted of crimes

Notes

1. Dagnes, Alison. Sex Scandals in American Politics: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Construction and Aftermath of Contemporary Political Sex Scandals (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011).
2. Slansky, Paul. The Little Quiz Book of Big Political Sex Scandals (Simon and Schuster, 2009).
3. Apostolidis, Paul and Williams, Juliet. Public Affairs: Politics in the Age of Sex Scandals (Duke University Press, 2004).
4. Keck, Kristi. "Political sex scandals a nonpartisan affair", CNN (July 14, 2009).
5. Gross, Larry. Contested Closets: The Politics and Ethics of Outing. University of Minnesota Press, 1993 ISBN 0-8166-2179-9
6. Williams, Juliet. “Why the Strauss-Kahn and Schwarzenegger scandals don’t go together”, The Washington Post (May 20, 2011) (opinion).
7. Merriam-Webster Leaners Dictionary.
8. Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
9. Grossman, Mark. Political Corruption in America: An Encyclopedia of Scandals, Power, and Greed. (2003).
10. Cerniglia, Keith A. "An Indelicate Amor: Alexander Hamilton and the First American Political Sex Scandal", Master's Thesis, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 2002.
11. Serratore, Angela. "Alexander Hamilton's Adultery and Apology", Smithsonian (magazine) (July 25, 2013).
12. Gordon-Reed, Annette (1997). Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy. University of Virginia Press.
13. "Thomas Jefferson". Jefferson National Expansion Memorial. National Park Service. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
14. "Thomas Jefferson". American President A Reference Resource. Miller Center – University of Virginia. p. 1. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
15. "Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: A Brief Account - Thomas Jefferson's Monticello".
16. Nashville Public Television, . "Rachel and Andrew Jackson: A Love Story", 2001.
17. Paul F. Boller Jr. (2004). Presidential Campaigns : From George Washington to George W. Bush. Oxford University Press. p. 46.
18. "Richard Mentor Johnson, 9th Vice President (1837–1841)". Senate.gov. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
19. "HAMMOND, James Henry - US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives".
20. Rosellen Brown, "MONSTER OF ALL HE SURVEYED": Review of SECRET AND SACRED The Diaries of James Henry Hammond, a Southern Slaveholder, Edited by Carol Bleser. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989, accessed 7 November 2013
21. Martin Duberman, "'Writhing Bedfellows': 1826". Journal of Homosexuality 6, no. 1 (1981): 85–101.
22. Remini, Robert. Daniel Webster: The Man and His Time, pp. 307–308 (W. W. Norton & Company, 1997).
23. Bill Kelter, Veeps, 2008, page 71
24. Coppola, Lee (August 28, 2011). "New bio examines the skeletons in Grover Cleveland's closet". The Buffalo News. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
25. Sibley, Katherine A.S., ed. (2016). A Companion to First Ladies. John Wiley & Sons,. p. 269.
26. Matthew Yglesias (January 15, 2010). "Historic Sex Scandals". ThinkProgress. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
27. Baker, Peter (August 12, 2015). "DNA Is Said to Solve a Mystery of Warren Harding's Love Life". New York Times.
28. Anthony Tommasini, Virgil Thomson: Composer on the Aisle (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1999), 355–61
29. ""The Exner File" by Michael O'Brien, The Washington Monthly, December 1999".
30. "JFK mistress Mimi Alford reveals new details in book". BBC News. 2012-02-05. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
31. David J. Garrow (2003-05-23). "Substance Over Sex In Kennedy Biography". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-02-06.
32. Jessica Hopper (February 6, 2012). "Former White House intern Mimi Alford reveals details of Kennedy affair". Rock Center with Brian Williams. Retrieved February 6, 2012.
33. Hutchinson, Dennis. "Dismantling a legend", Los Angeles Times (March 16, 2003): "Throughout his marriages he pursued other women, including one episode recounted by Murphy in which a naive flight attendant was chased around his office in the Court and escaped before she could be molested."
34. Shotwell, C. When Labels Fail: POLITICS, VALUES, AND IDEOLOGY ON THE SUPREME COURT, p. 131 (Xlibris 2006): "By the moral climate of the time, his divorcing and marrying three times while on the Court was considered scandalous. His reputed philandering while on the Court did not help. But the House Judiciary Committee, which was controlled by a Democratic majority, found insufficient grounds for impeachment."
35. Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s. New York, New York: Basic Books. p. 275. ISBN 0-465-04195-7.
36. "A Timeline of Politicians and Prostitutes, compiled by the library staff of U.S. News & World Report". November 3, 2008. Retrieved November 10, 2016.
37. "Boca Raton News - Google News Archive Search".
38. "Closed Session Romance on the Hill". The Washington Post. 1976-05-23. Retrieved 2011-03-08.
39. "Let me say this about that... – what a congressman should do after the FBI videotapes him soliciting a 10-year-old Arab sheik in the Tidal Basin". The Washington Monthly. 1976-05-23. Retrieved 2011-03-08.
40. Monday, June 7, 1976 (1976-06-07). "CONGRESS: Indecent Exposure on Capitol Hill". Time. Retrieved 2011-03-08.
41. "Heading South", Page Six, New York Post, February 24, 2009
42. "FindLaw's Writ – Dean: Chronology of Congressional Sex Scandals". Writ.news.findlaw.com. Retrieved 2011-03-08.
43. http://www.nytimes.com, May 9, 1990, "Lukens Loses Ohio Primary" by the AP
44. Russakoff, Dale (November 5, 1980). "Bauman Concedes Defeat in Maryland's First Congressional District". The Washington Post. p. A21.
45. Russakoff, Dale (November 5, 1980). "Bauman Concedes Defeat in Maryland's First Congressional District". The Washington Post. p. A21.
46. "REP. HINSON OF MISSISSIPPI ARRESTED IN THE CAPITAL ON A MORALS CHARGE". The New York Times. 1981-02-05. Retrieved 2015-07-24.
47. "The Volatile Mix of Politics and Golf".
48. Rasky, Susan F. (August 17, 1988). "THE REPUBLICANS IN NEW ORLEANS: MAN IN THE NEWS; Baby Boomer With Right Credentials: James Danforth Quayle". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-11-01.
49. Thomma, Steven. "For politicians, golf can prove a troublesome game", Knight Ridder (August 19, 2005).
50. Warrick, Pamela. "The Fall from Spyglass Hill". Los Angeles Times. 29-04-1998. Retrieved 22-10-2009. Page 3.
51. http://www.trutv.com, "Mary Kay Letourneau by Denise Noe"
52. Roberts, Steven V. (1983-07-21). "House Censures Crane and Studds For Sexual Relations With Pages". The New York Times: pp. A1, B22
53. Amy Debra Feldman (September 12, 2000). "Donna Rice Hughes says enough is enough". Salon.com. Retrieved July 4, 2014.
54. Rudin, Ken. "Congressional Sex Scandals in History", The Washington Post (1998).
55. Tumulty, Karen. "Konnyu at Center of Political Storm Over Harassment", Lis Angeles Times (October 1, 1987).
56. http://www.washingtonpost.com, "Congressional sex scandals history" by Ken Rudin, 1998.
57. Kelly, Michael. Things Worth Fighting For, pp. 130–151 (Penguin Press 2004).
58. A Skeleton in Barney's Closet Margaret Carlson; Robert Ajemian/Boston and Hays Gorey/Washington September 25, 1989.
59. Michael Oreskes (July 20, 1989). "Lawmaker is Accused of Sexual Impropriety". The New York Times. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
60. Chicago Sun Times, February 1, 1990, "Ethics panel drops Savage probe" by Michael Briggs and Basil Talbott
61. Richard L. Berke (October 25, 1990). "Ohio Republican Quits House Seat". The New York Times. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
62. Dennis B. Roddy & David Templeton (January 19, 1994). "Austin Murphy won't run again". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved July 24, 2015.
63. Sabato, Larry J. (1998-03-27). "Senator Charles S. Robb and Tai Collins – 1991". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2009-01-24.
64. Boardman, D., Gilmore, S., Nalder, E., and Pryne, E. (1992-03-01). "8 More Women Accuse Adams—Allegations of Two Decades of Sexual Harassment, Abuse – And a Rape". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2009-07-03.
65. "Obituaries: Brock Adams, 77; Ended U.S. Senate Reelection Bid After Harassment Reports", Los Angeles Times (September 11, 2004).
66. The Washington Post. "Senator Robert Packwood's History of Sexual Harassment". Link last checked, June 21, 2010.
67. Tom Gorman, "Scandal Imperils Young Political Career : Politics: After months of denial, a Riverside congressman admits sexual relations with a known prostitute. 'I was feeling intensely lonely,' he says.", Los Angeles Times, 27 April 1994
68. "Sex Scandals Through the Years: Both Parties Even". Newsweek. 2009-06-25.
69. Verhovek, Sam. “TESTING OF A PRESIDENT: THE CRITIC; Clinton Foe Admits Affair With Married Man”, New York Times (September 10, 1998.
70. McCaffrey, Shannon. Will Bob Barr be the Ralph Nader of '08? Associated Press (via CBS News), 2008-06-22.
71. Russ Baker (December 22, 1998). "Portrait of a political 'pit bull'". Salon.com.
72. http://www.washingtonpost.com,September 8, 1998, "Burton Fathered Child in Extramarital Affair" by Edward Walsh,
73. Kurtz, Howard (December 19, 1998). "Larry Flynt, Investigative Pornographer". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 21, 2010.
74. Eric Pianin (December 20, 1998). "Livingston Quits as Speaker-Designate". p. A1. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
75. news4jax.com, October 28, 2010, "Gingrich Expects 'Republican Revolution'
76. Schneider, Bill (March 9, 2007). "Gingrich confession: Clearing the way for a 2008 run?". CNN. Retrieved 2009-12-29.
77. "Gingrich admits having affair in '90s". Associated Press. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
78. Talbot, David (September 16, 1998). "This hypocrite broke up my family". Salon.com. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
79. http://www.abqjournal.com, Wed, Feb 20, 2013, Ex-Sen. Domenici discloses son born in secrecy By John Robertson / Journal Staff Writer on,
80. http://www.huffingtonpost.com, 02/20/2013, Pete Domenici Acknowledges Son From Extramarital Affair 30 Years Ago By JERI CLAUSING of AP,
81. Harris, John F. (2006). The Survivor: Bill Clinton in the White House (1st ed.). Random House Trade Paperbacks. ISBN 0375760849.
82. "U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 106th Congress – 1st Session: vote number 17 – Guilty or Not Guilty (Art I, Articles of Impeachment v. President W. J. Clinton)". United States Senate. February 12, 1999. Retrieved December 17, 2012.
83. Campbell, Duncan (October 1, 2001). "Lewinsky scandal ends as Clinton is disbarred" – via The Guardian.
84. Rudin, Ken (2007-06-06). "The Equal-Opportunity Culture of Corruption". NPR.org. Retrieved 2007-07-29.
85. "Black Americans in Congress - Mel Reynolds". U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved July 27, 2012.
86. Keith L. Alexander (May 28, 2009). "Suspect Pleads Not Guilty; Defense Decries Trial Date". The Washington Post. p. B8. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
87. Besser, James (July 20, 2001). "Chandra Levy's Jewish Angle". Jewish Journal. Retrieved June 21, 2010.
88. Michael D. Shear; Chris L. Jenkins (August 31, 2004). "Va. Legislator Ends Bid for 3rd Term". The Washington Post. p. A02. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
89. Janofsky, Michael (December 16, 2003). "Thurmond Kin Acknowledge Black Daughter". The New York Times.
90. Falone, Michael. CBS News. July 2, 2009, Politico, "GOP's Unlucky Class of '94" Retrieved June 21, 2010.
91. "Debating the Ethics of 'Outing'".
92. Beaucar Valahos, Kelly. June 12, 2006. Fox News. "Don Sherwood Tries to Shake Scandal in Pennsylvania". Retrieved June 21, 2010
93. "GOP leaders knew of Foley e-mail in '05". USA Today. Associated Press. September 29, 2006. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
94. "Vitter Flashback: Clinton should resign.". July 10, 2007. Retrieved 2014-07-03.
95. Brianna Keilar; Sean Callebs; Steve Brusk; Ninette Sosa (July 10, 2007). "Hustler says it revealed senator's link to escort service". CNN.
96. Donnelly, John (April 29, 2007). "Ex-AIDS chief in escort flap called hypocritical; Backed US policy that forbids aid to help prostitutes". The Boston Globe. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
97. "Resignation of Ambassador Randall Tobias U.S. State Department". 2007-04-28. Archived from the original on 2008-10-16.
98. Jeanne Huff (September 17, 2007). "Tourists flock to Minneapolis airport men's room". Idaho Statesman. Retrieved March 10, 2010.
99. Transcript: Audio interview of Sen. Larry Craig. (August 30, 2007). Fox News Retrieved on September 5, 2007.
100. Transcript: Audio interview of Sen. Larry Craig. (August 30, 2007). Fox News Retrieved on September 5, 2007
101. Lewd conduct: Report of Sgt. Dave Karsnia #4211, Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport Police Department. (June 12, 2007). The Washington Post. Retrieved on August 28, 2007 (Adobe Acrobat Reader required for viewing). See also U.S. senator gets flushed: Republican Larry Craig sought Minnesota airport toilet tryst. (August 28, 2007). The Smoking Gun. Retrieved on August 28, 2007.
102. "Idaho senator fined for lewd behavior at Minneapolis airport". Minneapolis Star Tribune. August 28, 2007. Archived from the original on August 30, 2007. Retrieved August 28, 2007.
103. "Craig Statement on Roll Call Story" (Press release). Office of Senator Larry Craig. August 27, 2007.
104. "Sen. Craig: I'm not gay". CBS News.
105. CNN Craig files to withdraw plea, blames stress from paper's investigation Sep 10, 2007. The motion was ultimately denied, upholding the initial guilty plea.
106. State of Minnesota v. Larry Edwin Craig, Case No. 27 CR 07-043231. Order of Judge Charles A. Porter, Jr. (D.C. Minn., October 4, 2007). State of Minnesota District Court, County of Hennepin, Fourth Judicial District. Retrieved on October 4, 2007.
107. "Senator, Arrested at Airport, Pleads Guilty". New York Times. 28 August 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
108. Emily Pierce (October 4, 2007). "Craig to Finish Senate Term Despite Losing in Court". Roll Call. Retrieved October 4, 2007.
109. Larry Craig – U.S. Congress Votes Database. The Washington Post.
110. Newsweek, June 7, 2010 page 58
111. "Larry Craig fined for misusing funds".
112. Kit Bradshaw; Tyler Treadway (October 20, 2008). "Rep. Tim Mahoney's wife files for divorce, seeks assets". Treasure Coast Palm Beach News. Florida. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
113. Tom Wrobleski (May 8, 2008). "Staten Island's Fossella admits child from affair". Staten Island Advance. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
114. Chicago Tribune, January 28, 2010, Section One, Page 14, "John, Elizabeth Edwards separate, friends reports
115. Freking, Kevin (June 17, 2009). "Sen. Ensign admits affair with ex-campaign staffer". The Guardian. Associated Press. Retrieved 2009-11-26.
116. Chicago Tribune, April 22, 2011, Section 1, page 17, "Ensign declares he will quit Senate next month"
117. Batt, Tony (September 11, 1998). "Ensign urges Clinton to quit". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from the original on June 30, 2009.
118. Jimmie E. Gates (July 16, 2009). "Ex-Miss. politician's wife sues alleged mistress". Clarion Ledger. Archived from the original on July 16, 2009. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
119. John Bresnahan (July 16, 2009). "Chip Pickering's wife sues alleged mistress". The Politico. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
120. Smith, Donna (March 9, 2010). "Eric Massa Resigns to Avoid Ethics Probe". Reuters. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
121. Leonnig, Carol D. (2010-03-10). "Massa investigated for allegedly groping staffers". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2010-03-20.
122. David Weigel (May 18, 2010). "What does Mark Souder's resignation mean for abstinence education?". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
123. Matt Loffman (May 18, 2010). "Indiana GOP Congressman to resign amid affair with staffer". ABC News. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
124. E.J. Dionne (May 24, 2010). "Mark Souder's Downfall". Retrieved July 2, 2014.
125. Bresnahan, John; Allen, Mike (May 18, 2010). "Rep. Mark Souder on Affair With Aide: 'I have sinned'". Politico. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
126. Pergram, Chad; Brown, Steve (May 18, 2010). "Rep. Mark Souder to resign amid affair with staffer". Fox News. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
127. Chris Cillizza (February 9, 2011). "The Fix – New York Rep. Chris Lee resigns from the House". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2011-03-08.
128. Hernandez, Raymond (February 9, 2011). "New York Congressman Resigns Over E-Mails". The New York Times. Retrieved February 10, 2011.
129. "New York Congressman: 'The Picture Was Of Me, I Sent It'". MSNBC. June 6, 2011. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
130. Barrett, Devlin (June 16, 2011). "Weiner Calling It Quits: Lawmaker's Resolve to Keep Seat Withered Under Pressure From Top Democrats". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2011-06-17.
131. Zapler, Mike and Glueck, Katie. "Anthony Weiner kept sexting after resignation", Politico (July 23, 2013).
132. Michael McAuliff (November 16, 2012). "Scott DesJarlais Approved Wife's Abortion, Slept With Coworkers, Patients, Court Records Say". Huffington Post. Retrieved December 25, 2012.
133. "U.S. Rep. Scott DesJarlais fined for sex with 2 patients". Times Free Press. Retrieved August 8, 2014.
134. Chris Carroll; Kate Harrison (November 15, 2012). "Scott DesJarlais supported ex-wife's abortions, slept with patients, divorce transcript shows". Chattanooga Times Free Press.
135. John Bresnahan (July 26, 2011). "David Wu resigns". Politico. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
136. Pope, Charles; Janie Har; Beth Slovic (July 26, 2011). "Rep. David Wu boxed in by ethics investigation, forced to resign after pressure from colleagues". The Oregonian. Retrieved July 27, 2011.
137. Manuel Roig-Franzia (April 16, 2014). "Rep. Vance McAllister kissed. Now can he make up with voters after the scandal?". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
138. Francesca Chambers (May 22, 2014). "'Kissing Congressman' Vance McAllister caught smooching with his aide says he'd run for office again if 'the people want me to'". Daily Mail. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
139. "Rep. McAllister asks forgiveness following video of him kissing woman". The Alexandria Town Talk. Retrieved April 8, 2014.