Waseda University

Waseda University
早稲田大学
Motto 学問の独立
(Independence of Learning)
Type Private
Established 1882
Endowment N/A
President Kaoru Kamata
Academic staff
 2,137 full-time
3,318 part-time
Administrative staff
 819 full-time
445 part-time
Undergraduates 44,295
Postgraduates 9,281[1]
Location Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
Campus Urban
Athletics 43 varsity teams
Colors Maroon     [2]
Mascot

Waseda Bear (official)

Affiliations Universitas 21, APRU
Website Waseda University
Tokyo city
Waseda University students in 1916

Waseda University (早稲田大学 Waseda Daigaku), abbreviated as Sōdai (早大), is a large, private university with a main campus located in Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan. First established in 1882 as the Tōkyō Senmon Gakkō or Tōkyō College by Ōkuma Shigenobu, the school was formally renamed as Waseda University in 1902.[3] The university consists of 13 undergraduate schools and 23 graduate schools. Waseda is one of the select group of universities assigned additional funding under the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology's "Global 30" Project.[4]

Waseda consistently ranks among the most academically selective and well-regarded universities in Japanese university rankings. In international rankings, published by Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) weighted towards academic peer review and published research output, Waseda ranked 212th in 2015/16.

The university has many notable alumni in Japan, including seven Prime Ministers of Japan and many CEOs, including Tadashi Yanai, the CEO of UNIQLO, Takeo Fukui, the former President and CEO of Honda, Norio Sasaki, the former CEO of Toshiba, Lee Kun-hee, the Chairman of Samsung Group, Mikio Sasaki, the former Chairman of Mitsubishi, and Hiroshi Yamauchi, former President of Nintendo.

Institution

History and development

The university was founded by samurai scholar and Meiji-era politician and former prime minister Ōkuma Shigenobu in 1882, and adopted the title university in 1902. It started as a college with three departments under the old Japanese system of higher education.

In 1882, the university had the department of political science and economics, law, and physical science. Along with these departments, an English language course was established, where the students of all the departments could learn English.[5]

Three years later, the department of physical science was closed because it had too few applicants.[6] The department of science and engineering was established in 1908.[7]

The department of literature was established in 1890.[8]

Although Waseda formally adopted the term university in its title in 1902[9] it was not until 1920 that, in common with other Japanese schools and colleges, it received formal Government recognition as a university under the terms of the University Establishment Ordinance. [10]

The department of education was established in 1903, and the department of commerce, in 1904.[11]

Much of the campus was destroyed in the fire bombings of Tokyo during World War II, but the university was rebuilt and reopened by 1949. It has grown to become a comprehensive university with two senior high schools and school of art and architecture.

In June 12, 1950, Sixty police raided Waseda University and seized copies of a Communist-inspired open letter to General MacArthur. The open letter to MacArthur was one read at a Communist-sponsored rally a week earlier. The letter demanded a peace treaty for Japan that would include Russia and Communist China, withdrawal of occupation forces, and the release of 8 Japanese sent to prison for assaulting 5 U.S soldiers at a Communist rally. A police official said most meetings at Waseda would be banned in the future because "political elements" might try to utilize them. Yuichi Eshima, Vice-Chairman of the Students Autonomy Society, said the police action "stupified" students and professors, and that "This is worse than the prewar peace preservation measures."[12]

Origin of the name

Waseda University started its life as Tōkyō Senmon Gakkō (東京専門学校) on October 21, 1882. Before the name 'Waseda' was selected, it was known variously as Waseda Gakkō (早稲田学校) or Totsuka Gakkō (戸塚学校) after the location of the founder's villa in Waseda Village and the school's location in Totsuka Village respectively.

It was renamed Waseda University (早稲田大学 Waseda-daigaku) on September 2, 1902 upon acquiring university status.

Academic cap

Ōkuma had long desired to create an academic cap so distinctive that someone wearing the cap would immediately be identified as a Waseda student.[13]The chief tailor of Takashimaya, Yashichiro, was called upon to design a cap in three days. Each square cap was stamped on the inside with the student's name, his department, the school seal and the legend, "This certifies that the owner is a student of Waseda". Thus, the cap served as a form of identification, and effectively a status symbol. The cap, with its gold-braided badge, is registered as a trademark.

125th anniversary

On October 21, 2007, Waseda University celebrated its 125th anniversary. Ōkuma often talked about the "125 years of life" theory: "The lifespan of a human being can be as long as 125 years. He will be able to live out his natural lifespan as long as he takes proper care of his health", because "physiologists say that every animal has the ability to live five times as long as its growth period. Since a man is said to require about 25 years to become fully mature, it follows that he can live up to 125 years of age." This theory propounded by Ōkuma was very popular and often referred to in the media of the time.

In commemorative events relating to Waseda University and Ōkuma, the number 125 is accorded special significance, as it marks an important epoch. The tower of Ōkuma Auditorium, completed on the university's 45th anniversary, is 125 shaku, or about 38 m high. In 1963, there were also events to mark the 125th anniversary of Ōkuma Shigenobu's birth.

Ōkuma, who twice served as prime minister of Japan, organized his second cabinet when he was 77 and died when he was 83. He said, "I wish I had understood this '125 years of life' theory 30 years earlier". He did, however, lead a regular life, and lived fairly long compared to other Japanese at the time.

Campuses

Nishi-Waseda
Toyama
Waseda
Takadanobaba
Nishi-Waseda
Waseda
Campus Station

Waseda University's main campus is located in the Nishi-Waseda district of Shinjuku. The nearest station is Waseda, although Waseda is generally associated with Takadanobaba on the Yamanote Line.

Apart from the main campus in Shinjuku, there are other campuses around the country:

Waseda University

Undergraduate and Graduate Schools

Undergraduate Schools (Entrance Capacity 8880):

Graduate Schools:

Research institutes

Facilities

Ōkuma Auditorium

The Ōkuma Memorial Hall, a contemporary building by architect Satō Kōichi.
Ōkuma Memorial Hall, Waseda University Campus

Soon after Ōkuma's death on January 10, 1922, the planning of memorials commenced. The first decision was to construct a large auditorium, something Ōkuma had always dreamed of.

The three-story main auditorium seats 1,435, while the secondary auditorium, located underground, can accommodate 382 people. A seven-story high clock tower stands to the left of the auditorium. The height of the tower, at 125 shaku, or about 38 m, represents the theory of "life of 125 years" advocated by Ōkuma. The bells at the top of the tower were transported through the Panama Canal from the MacLean Company in Baltimore, Maryland. It was the first time that four bells, large and small, had been used in Japan.

Oval-shaped transom windows on the roof represent the sun, moon, and nine (traditional) planets of our solar system, and symbolize the "harmony of the universe" both inside and outside the auditorium. The auditorium opened on October 20, 1927, about five years behind schedule, after the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake. A Memorial Hall, constructed in 1957, was used as the fencing venue for the 1964 Summer Olympics.[14]

In April 1999, the auditorium along with the old library building were officially designated the first and second historical buildings under the newly passed Tokyo Metropolitan Landscape Regulations, which aim to preserve buildings representative of Tokyo's history and culture.

The auditorium was designated as one of the Important Cultural Properties of Japan by the Agency for Cultural Affairs in 2007.[15]

Ōkuma Garden

Ōkuma Garden

Ōkuma Garden is located near Ōkuma Auditorium. It is a half-Japanese, half-Western garden of Edo period feudal lord Matsudaira Sanuki's former mansion, redesigned by Shigenobu Ōkuma. After his death, the garden was donated to Waseda University. Now it is a recreation place for students.

Libraries and museums

The Waseda University Library, designed by Tachu Naitō, Kenji Imai and Kin'ichi Kiriyama, was completed in 1925. This five-story building, with a total area of 1,195 tsubo (坪) (about 3,944 square meters), was used initially as the University Library. The reading room was housed in a separate two-story building, with a seating capacity of 500. One of the prominent libraries established at the end of the Taishō period, it has been a symbol of Waseda University to this day, along with the Okuma Auditorium and the Theatre Museum.

The Old Library and the administration building were expanded in 1934 and 1955 respectively. The Old Library stopped serving as a main library, after the New Central Library, located where the Abe Stadium used to be, was completed in 1990. It now houses Takata Sanae Memorial Research Library, the University Archives, and Aizu Yaichi Museum. Takata Sanae Memorial Research Library opened in 1994. It is named after former university president Takata Sanae. Historical and cultural materials on Waseda University are exhibited in the University Archives, and the materials related with Ōkuma Shigenobu are exhibited in the Ōkuma Memorial Room at the Archives. Aizu Yaichi Memorial Museum opened in 1998.

In the front hall, visitors are greeted by the masterpiece "Meian", which dates back to 1927. It is painted on the world's largest hand-made washi (Japanese paper), which is 4.45 meters in diameter and weighs about 12 kilograms. It was manufactured by Iwano　Heisaburō, the founder of the Echizen paper works in Imadachi-cho, Fukui prefecture. The masterpiece was painted free of charge by Yokoyama Taikan and Shimomura Kanzan, two artists who represented the modern Japanese style of painting. President Takata Sanae asked them to paint a picture for the Library.

The library possesses a unique collection which survived the Bombing of Tokyo in World War II unlike many of its counterparts. The collection is an important resource for the study of pre-war Japanese history and literature.

Other museums and libraries on Waseda campuses include:

Athletics

Cheerleading

The Waseda University Cheerleading Club is the cheerleading club of Waseda University.

Baseball

Two Waseda University baseball players from 1921.

Waseda's baseball team is known for their long history of success in Tokyo Big6 Baseball League. As of the end of the 2012 season, Waseda had won 43 championships along with the highest winning percentage.

They are also known for their rivalry with Keiō University, highlighted by the Sōkeisen series. The series is held twice a year in the spring and autumn at Meiji-Jingu Stadium, considered as one of the most important matches of the year for students from both schools.

Football

Waseda University football team won the Emperor's Cup, in 1964 and 1967.

Rugby union

Waseda University Rugby Football Club has reached the final of the All-Japan University Rugby Championship 31 times, and winning fifteen times, most recently in 2008. Its two traditional rivals are Keio University and Meiji University.

Karate

The Waseda University karate club is one of the oldest in Japan, formed in 1931 under the direction of Gichin Funakoshi.[16][17] Graduates of the karate club include Shigeru Egami, leader of the Shotokai school, Kazumi Tabata, founder of the North American Karate-do Federation and Tsutomu Ohshima, founder of Shotokan Karate of America.

Bandy

In 2016 the first university bandy team in Japan was founded.[18] With no field of regular size, they play rink bandy.

Notable alumni

Prime ministers

Politics

Diplomats

Business leaders

Academics

Authors

Journalists

Performing arts

Sports

Baseball

Figure skating

Football

Martial arts

Rugby

Other

Others

Notable current students

Sports

Performing arts

Notable faculty

Professors who are also Waseda alumni are listed in italics.

Principals, de facto presidents (1907–1923), and presidents

Principals

De facto presidents (1907–1923)

Presidents

Academic rankings

University rankings (overall)
Toyo Keizai National[22]General 6
Kawaijuku National[23]General 13
WE National[24]Employment 11
NBP Greater Tokyo[25][26]Reputation 1
Shimano National[27]Selectivity SA
QS Asia
(Asian Ranking version)[28]		General 42
ARWU Asia[29]Research 44–68
QS World[30]General 201
ARWU World[31]Research 401–500
ENSMP World[32]Alumni 8
University rankings (by subject)
Social Sciences & Humanities

LAW

Asahi National[33]Research 3
BE Success National[34]Qualification 5
BE Pass rate National[35]Qualification 12

BUSINESS & MANAGEMENT

Eduni MBA National[36]General 2
Eduni MBA World[37]General 93
CPA Success National[38]Qualification 2
Natural Sciences & Technology

Engineering

QS World[39]General 116

ARCHITECTURE

ARE Success National[40]Qualification 3

Waseda University is considered one of the most prestigious universities in Japan, consistently ranking amongst the top universities in Japanese university rankings. The university seeks to promote student and faculty exchange as well as collaborative research through memorandums of agreement signed with 432 partnership institutions in 79 countries.

General rankings

The university has been ranked 5th in 2008–2009 and 6th in 2010–2011 in Toyo Keizai's Truly Strong Universities (本当に強い大学) ranking.[41] In another ranking, Japanese prep school Kawaijuku ranked Waseda as the 13th best university in Japan.[23]

According to the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2016–2017, Waseda ranked 601–800th worldwide and 121-130th in Asia.[42]

In addition, according to the QS World university rankings in 2016-2017, Waseda University was ranked 201th in the world and 41th in Asia.[43] Waseda Business School and Waseda Graduate School of Economics obtained the highest rank – five PALMS – in a Universal Business Ranking in 2013.[44]

In 2014, The Center for World University Rankings ranked Waseda University 40th (world).[45] Waseda University was also ranked 20th in the world in the Times Higher Education Alma Mater Index: Global Executives 2013 top 100.[46]

Research performance

Generally speaking, national universities in Japan have better research standards; however, Waseda is one of the few private universities which compete with top national universities. According to Weekly Diamond, Waseda has the 12th highest research standard in Japan in terms of research fundings per researchers in COE Program, and it is one of only two private universities within the top 15.[47]

On February 16, 2004, Nikkei Shimbun ran a survey about research standards in engineering studies based on Thomson Reuters, Grants in Aid for Scientific Research and questionnaires to heads of 93 leading Japanese Research Centers. Waseda ranked 5th overall, 7th in research planning, and 1st in business-academia collaboration.[48] Waseda was the only private university ranked in the top 5.

Asahi Shimbun summarized the amount of academic papers in Japanese major legal journals by university, and Waseda was ranked 3rd during 2005–2009.[33]

Graduate school rankings

According to the Asia Top MBA Business Schools Ranking by Asiaweek, Waseda Business School is ranked 2nd in Japan.[49] Eduniversal also ranked Japanese business schools and Waseda is 2nd in Japan (93rd in the world).[50] In this ranking, Waseda is one of only 3 Japanese business schools categorized in "Universal Business schools with major international influence".

Waseda Law School is considered as one of the top Japanese law schools, as Waseda's successful candidates for bar examination was 5th in 2009 and 2010 in Japan.[51]

Alumni rankings

According to the Weekly Diamond on February 18, 2006, Waseda got the highest score from the directors of human resource departments in Greater Tokyo in its Useful University Rankings (役に立つ大学ランキング).[52] Waseda was ranked 1st in Social Science and 2nd in Natural Science and Engineering among all Japanese universities.[53] According to the Weekly Economist's 2010 rankings and the PRESIDENT's article on October 16, 2006, graduates from Waseda have the 11th best employment rate in 400 major companies, and the alumni average salary is the 7th best in Japan.[54][55]

Mines ParisTech : Professional Ranking World Universities ranked Waseda University as 4th in the world in 2010 (8th in 2011) in terms of the number of alumni listed among CEOs in the 500 largest worldwide companies.[56][32] The university is also ranked 2nd in Japan for the number of alumni holding the position of executive in the listed companies of Japan.[57]

The number of lawyers who graduated Waseda has been ranked 3rd in Japan since 1949.[58] Furthermore, Waseda alumni have been the 2nd largest group in the Japanese Parliament.[59][60]

Popularity and selectivity

Waseda is a popular university in Japan. The number of applicants per place was 20.5 (115515/5630) in the 2011 undergraduate admissions.[61] This number of applicants was 2nd largest in Japan.[62] its entrance difficulty is usually considered as top with Keio among 730 private universities.[63][64][65]

Nikkei BP has been publishing a ranking system called "Brand rankings of Japanese universities" every year, composed by the various indications related to the power of brand, and Waseda was top in 2010 and 3rd in 2009 in Greater Tokyo Area.[25]

Trustees

Benefactors

Waseda University has had numerous benefactors, including:

Scandals

Super Free was a registered Waseda University school club organized by Shinichirō Wada, a student at Waseda University who entered in 1994. The club organized parties in order to rape unsuspecting women. The appeal of these parties was the chance to associate with Waseda University students. After Wada was arrested in 2003, the club was disbanded.[72]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ http://www.waseda.jp/intl-ac/FACTS2013.pdf
  2. ↑ "Waseda University Baseball Team: Renewing Ties with the University of Chicago after 72 Years". Waseda OnLine. The Yomiuri Shimbun.
  3. ↑ "About Waseda: Founding of the University". Waseda University. Waseda University. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  4. ↑ http://www.uni.international.mext.go.jp/university_list/Index/
  5. ↑ Kimura, pp. 74, 123
  6. ↑ Kimura, pp. 74, 122
  7. ↑ Okushima and Nakamura (eds.), p.42
  8. ↑ Okushima and Nakamura (eds.), p.25
  9. ↑ "About Waseda: Founding of the University". Waseda University. Waseda University. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  10. ↑ {{https://www.digital.archives.go.jp/DAS/meta/MetSearch.cgi?DEF_XSL=default&SUM_KIND=summary_normal&META_KIND=NOFRAME&IS_KIND=detail&IS_SCH=META&IS_STYLE=default&IS_TYPE=meta&DB_ID=G9100001EXTERNAL&GRP_ID=G9100001&IS_START=1&IS_TAG_S1=InD&IS_TMP_S7=c_t_search_3&IS_KEY_S7=SRG+BST+KNM&IS_TAG_S7=c_t&IS_LGC_S7=AND&LIST_TYPE=default&IS_LIST_ON_OF=off&LIST_VIEW=&ON_LYD=on&IS_KEY_S1=%E6%97%A9%E7%A8%B2%E7%94%B0%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E3%80%80%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E4%BB%A4&IS_NUMBER=1&SUM_NUMBER=100&SUM_START=1&IS_LYD_DIV=&LIST_VIEW=&_SHOW_EAD_ID=M0000000000001754283&ON_LYD=on}}
  11. ↑ Okushima and Nakamura (eds.), p.37
  12. ↑ "Tokyo College Raided Sunday". Herald-Journal. Jun 12, 1950.
  13. ↑ http://www.waseda.jp/student/weekly/contents/2007a/125i.html (in Japanese) Waseda kaiwai
  14. ↑ 1964 Summer Olympics official report. Volume 1. Part 1. pp. 127–8.
  15. ↑ "早稲田大学大隈記念講堂". 国指定文化財等データベース:各棟情報詳細. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
  16. ↑ Funakoshi, Gichin (1973). "Karate-do Kyohan", Kodansha International Ltd, Tokyo. ISBN 0-87011-190-6.
  17. ↑ "A Karate Club with a long history". Waseda Weekly. 2006-11-16. Retrieved 2008-12-22.
  18. ↑ Waseda Bandy Club Facebook page
  19. ↑ "株式会社タミヤ・会社概要". Tamiya.com. Retrieved 2012-06-05.
  20. ↑ http://www.kent.ac.uk/economics/staff/profiles/katsuyuki-shibayama.html
  21. ↑ as an honorary post
  22. ↑ "Truly Strong Universities" (in Japanese). Toyo Keizai. 2010. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
  23. 1 2 "Kawai 30 Top Japanese Universities". Kawaijuku. 2001. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
  24. ↑ "Employment rate in 400 major companies rankings" (in Japanese). Weekly Economist. 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
  25. 1 2 "Nikkei BP Brand rankings of Japanese universities" (in Japanese). Nikkei Business Publications. 2010. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
  26. ↑ "Nikkei BP Brand rankings of Japanese universities" (in Japanese). Nikkei Business Publications. 2009. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
  27. ↑ "GBUDU University Rankings" (in Japanese). YELL books. 2009. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
  28. ↑ "QS Asian University Rankings". QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. 2013. Retrieved June 16, 2013.
  29. ↑ "Academic Ranking of World Universities in Japan". Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. 2012. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
  30. ↑ "QS World University Rankings". QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. 2012–2013. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
  31. ↑ "Academic Ranking of World Universities". Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. 2012. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
  32. 1 2 "ENSMP World University Rankings" (PDF). École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris. 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
  33. 1 2 Asahi Shimbun University rankings 2010 "Publification rankings in Law (Page 4)" (PDF) (in Japanese). Asahi Shimbun. 2010. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  34. ↑ "Bar Exam Successful Applicants rankings" (in Japanese). Shikaku Seek. 2010. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  35. ↑ "Bar Exam Pass rate rankings" (in Japanese). Shikaku Seek. 2010. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  36. ↑ "Business School Ranking in Japan". Eduniversal. 2010. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  37. ↑ "University and business school ranking in 5 palms (Top100)". Eduniversal. 2010. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
    "University and business school ranking in 4 palms (Top101-300)". Eduniversal. 2010. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
    "University and business school ranking in 3 palms (Top301-696)". Eduniversal. 2010. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
    "University and business school ranking in 2 palms (Top697-896)". Eduniversal. 2010. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  38. ↑ "CPA Successful Applicants rankings" (in Japanese). Yutaka Honkawa. 2010. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  39. ↑ "QS topuniversities world rankings in Engineering field". Topuniversities. 2012. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
  40. ↑ "Architects Registration Exam Successful Applicants rankings" (in Japanese). Shikaku Seek. 2010. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  41. ↑ "本当に強い大学【2010年版】総合ランキング･トップ100――東大5連覇、京大が阪大を逆転、関学躍進(1) | | 投資・経済・ビジネスの東洋経済オンライン". Toyokeizai.net. 2010-12-20. Retrieved 2012-06-05.
  42. ↑ "Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2016–2017（2016". Times Higher Education. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
  43. ↑ "QS world university ranking（2016". topuniversities.com. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
  44. ↑ "BestMasters（2013". Eduniversal Group. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
  45. ↑ "CWUR Center for World University Rankings（2014". CWUR.org. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
  46. ↑ "THE Alma Mater Index（2013". timeshighereducation.co.uk. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
  47. ↑ "週刊ダイヤモンド" ダイヤモンド社 2010/2/27 http://web.sapmed.ac.jp/kikaku/infomation/0227daiyamondokiji.pdf
  48. ↑ "大学工学部研究力調査（04.2.22）". Homepage3.nifty.com. Retrieved 2012-06-05.
  49. ↑ "Top MBA Universities in Japan | World Ranking Guide". Worldranking.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2012-06-05.
  50. ↑ "University and business school ranking in Japan". Eduniversal-ranking.com. Retrieved 2012-06-05.
  51. ↑ "2010年(平成22年)新司法試験法科大学院別合格者数ランキング -法科大学院seek". Laws.shikakuseek.com. Retrieved 2012-06-05.
  52. ↑ "役に立つ大学ランキング" 週間ダイヤモンド 2006/2/18 http://headersearch.diamond.ne.jp/v/00165507.html
  53. ↑ "役に立つ大学ランキング 週刊ダイヤモンドより BOKU笑太郎のビジネスに役立つ雑学/ウェブリブログ". Bokusyotaro.com. Retrieved 2012-06-05.
  54. ↑ "図録▽大企業就職率大学ランキング". .ttcn.ne.jp. Retrieved 2012-06-05.
  55. ↑ PRESIDENT 2006/10/16 http://hensachi-ranking.seesaa.net/article/26733115.html#more
  56. ↑ http://www.mines-paristech.fr/Actualites/PR/Ranking2010EN-Fortune2009.pdf
  57. ↑ 出身大学別上場企業役員数ランキング (in Japanese). 大学ranking.net.
  58. ↑ Archived May 25, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
  59. ↑ "政治家出身大学ランキング―有名人の出身大学ランキング". Univranking.schoolbus.jp. Retrieved 2012-06-05.
  60. ↑ "University rankings 2011" Asahi Shinbun
  61. ↑ "2012年度 一般・センター利用入試出願状況【速報版】 ｜入学センター｜受験生の方｜早稲田大学". Waseda.jp. Retrieved 2012-06-05.
  62. ↑ http://www.yozemi.ac.jp/nyushi/data/11/shutsugan_s/pdf/shigansha30.pdf
  63. ↑ National and Public universities apply different kind of exams. so it's only comparable between universities in a same category.
  64. ↑ e.g. Yoyogi seminar published Hensachi (the indication showing the entrance difficulties by prep schools) rankings http://www.yozemi.ac.jp/rank/gakubu/index.html
  65. ↑ Japanese journalist Kiyoshi Shimano ranks its entrance difficulty as SA (most selective/out of 11 scales) in Japan. 危ない大学・消える大学 2012年版 (in Japanese). YELL books. 2011.
  66. ↑ Okushima and Nakamura (eds.), p.53
  67. ↑ Okushima and Nakamura (eds.), p.51
  68. ↑ Okushima and Nakamura (eds.), p.63
  69. ↑ Okushima and Nakamura (eds.), p.65
  70. ↑ Okushima and Nakamura (eds.), p.68
  71. ↑ Masaru Ibuka Auditorium (Hall) is in the International Conference Center.
  72. ↑ "Revealed: the workings of a uni rape club". The Age. Australia. 2003-07-05. Retrieved 2016-08-28.

References

Further reading

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