List of Canadian Victoria Cross recipients

Canadian William Hall was the first black recipient of the Victoria Cross.

The Victoria Cross (post-nominal letters "VC") is the highest military honour of the British Empire and the Commonwealth of Nations, being awarded only for extraordinary valour and devotion to duty while facing a hostile force. It is the highest honour in the Canadian honour system, placed before all other orders, decorations and medals, including the Order of Canada, in the Order of Precedence.^[1] It was historically awarded to members of the Canadian Forces of any rank in any service, and to allies serving under or with Canadian military command;

Background

Established in 1856, the Victoria Cross has been awarded to service personnel for extraordinary valour and devotion to duty while facing a hostile force. Between 1858 and 1881 the Victoria Cross could also be awarded for actions taken "under circumstances of extreme danger" not in the face of the enemy.^[2] Six people were awarded Victoria Crosses under this clause - one Irish man in 1866 for actions taken during the Fenian raids; five (a Canadian, three Irish and a English man) for a single incident in 1867 during the Andaman Islands Expedition. In 1881, VC regulations were amended to only allow acts "in the presence of the enemy".^[2][3]

Since 1993, Canadians have no longer been eligible for the Victoria Cross: that medal has been superseded by the Canadian Victoria Cross – of equal honour, but yet to be awarded.^[1] The Canadian medal differs only in that the inscription is in Latin rather than English; by using a language that is an ancestor of both English and French, the medal avoids linguistic discrimination between Canada's two official languages.^[4]

Summary

The Victoria Cross has been presented to 96 Canadians, or people closely associated with Canada, between its creation for acts performed during the Crimean War and 1993 when the Canadian Victoria Cross was instituted. No Canadian has received either honour since 1945.^[5]

The first Canadian to be awarded the Victoria Cross was Alexander Roberts Dunn for his actions at the Battle of Balaclava during the Crimean War in 1854. William Hall, a Nova Scotian, was the first black recipient of the Victoria Cross.^[6] The last living Canadian recipient of the British Victoria Cross, "Smokey" Smith, died in August 2005.^[7]

Seventy-one Victoria Crosses were awarded to Canadians for their actions in the First World War, and Canadians won sixteen VCs during the Second World War. The remaining recipients were awarded the medal for actions performed in the Crimean War (Battle of Balaclava), the Indian Rebellion of 1857, in a native uprising at a remote Indian Ocean island and the Second Boer War.

Timothy O'Hea, a 23-year-old Irishman in the British army, fought a fire in a railway car containing 900 kilograms of ammunition stationed at Danville, Quebec during the Fenian raids.^[8] O'Hea is the only VC recipient awarded for actions on Canadian soil.^[9]

Seven Canadians were awarded VCs individually on one single day, 2 September 1918, for actions they performed along the 30 km long Drocourt-Quéant Line near Arras, France: Bellenden Hutcheson, Arthur George Knight, William Henry Metcalf, Claude Nunney, Cyrus Wesley Peck, Walter Leigh Rayfield and John Francis Young. Their acts of exceptional valour were performed during Canada's Hundred Days of successful offensive campaigning that helped end the war.

Recipients

  This along with the *, indicates that the Victoria Cross was awarded posthumously

Name	Date of action	Conflict	Unit	Perpetuating Unit	Place of action	Province of origin	Notes
Algie, WallaceWallace Algie	1918*	First World War	20th Battalion, CEF	The Queen's York Rangers (1st American Regiment) (RCAC)	Cambrai, France	Ontario[10]
Barker, WilliamWilliam Barker	1918	First World War	No. 201 Squadron RAF	None	Forêt de Mormal, France	Manitoba[11]
Barron, ColinColin Barron	1917	First World War	3rd Battalion, CEF	Royal Regiment of Canada	Passchendaele, Belgium	Ontario[12]
Bazalgette, IanIan Bazalgette	1944*	Second World War	No. 115 Squadron RAF	No. 115 Squadron RAF	Trossy St. Maximin, France	Alberta[13]
Bellew, EdwardEdward Bellew	1915	First World War	7th Battalion, CEF	British Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own)	Kerselaere, Belgium	British Columbia[14]
Bent, PhilipPhilip Bent	1917*	First World War	Leicestershire Regiment	B Company, Second Battalion, Royal Anglian Regiment	Polygon Wood, Belgium	Nova Scotia[15]
Bishop, WilliamWilliam Bishop	1917	First World War	No. 60 Squadron RAF	No. 60 Squadron RAF	Cambrai, France	Ontario[16]
Bourke, RowlandRowland Bourke	1918	First World War	Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve	Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve	Ostend, Belgium	British Columbia[17]
Brereton, AlexanderAlexander Brereton	1918	First World War	8th Battalion, CEF	Royal Winnipeg Rifles	Amiens, France	Manitoba[18]
Brillant, JeanJean Brillant	1918*	First World War	22nd Battalion, CEF	Royal 22nd Regiment	Meharicourt, France	Quebec[19]
Brown, HarryHarry Brown	1917*	First World War	10th Battalion, CEF	Royal Winnipeg Rifles and The Calgary Highlanders	Loos, France	Ontario[20]
Cairns, HughHugh Cairns	1918*	First World War	46th Battalion, CEF	Saskatchewan Dragoons	Valenciennes, France	Saskatchewan[21]
Campbell, FrederickFrederick Campbell	1915*	First World War	1st Battalion, CEF	The Royal Canadian Regiment	Givenchy, France	Ontario[22]
Clark-Kennedy, WilliamWilliam Clark-Kennedy	1918	First World War	24th Battalion, CEF	Victoria Rifles of Canada	Fresnes, France	Quebec[23]
Clarke, LeoLeo Clarke	1916*	First World War	2nd Battalion, CEF	Governor General's Foot Guards	Pozières, France	Manitoba[24]	[note 1]
Cockburn, HampdenHampden Cockburn	1900	Second Boer War	Royal Canadian Dragoons	Royal Canadian Dragoons	Komati River, South Africa	Ontario[25]
Combe, RobertRobert Combe	1917*	First World War	27th Battalion, CEF	Royal Winnipeg Rifles	Acheville, France	Saskatchewan[26]
Coppins, FrederickFrederick Coppins	1918	First World War	8th Battalion, CEF	Royal Winnipeg Rifles	Hackett Woods, France	Manitoba[27]
Cosens, AubreyAubrey Cosens	1945*	Second World War	Queen's Own Rifles of Canada	Queen's Own Rifles of Canada	Mooshof, Germany	Ontario[28]
Croak, JohnJohn Croak	1918*	First World War	13th Battalion (Royal Highlanders of Canada), CEF	Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada	Amiens, France	Nova Scotia[29]	.[note 2][30]
Cruickshank, RobertRobert Cruickshank	1918	First World War	London Regiment	London Regiment	Jordan, Palestine	Manitoba[31]	[note 3]
Currie, DavidDavid Currie	1944	Second World War	29th Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment (South Alberta Regiment)	South Alberta Light Horse	Battle of Falaise, France	Saskatchewan[32]
de Montmorency, RaymondRaymond de Montmorency	1898	Battle of Omdurman	21st Lancers	17th/21st Lancers	Omdurman, Sudan	Quebec[33]	[note 4]
De Wind, EdmundEdmund De Wind	1918*	First World War	Royal Irish Rifles	Royal Irish Regiment (1992)	Groagie, France	Alberta[34]	[note 5]
Dinesen, ThomasThomas Dinesen	1918	First World War	42nd Battalion, CEF	Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada	Parvillers, France	n/a[35]	[note 6]
Douglas, CampbellCampbell Douglas	1867	Bravery at Sea	24th Regiment of Foot	South Wales Borderers	Little Andaman, India	Ontario[36]	[note 7]
Dunn, AlexanderAlexander Dunn	1854	Battle of Balaclava	33rd Regiment of Foot	Yorkshire Regiment	Balaclava, Crimea	Ontario[37]	[note 3] [note 8]
Fisher, FrederickFrederick Fisher	1915*	First World War	13th Battalion (Royal Highlanders of Canada), CEF	Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada	St. Julien, Belgium	Ontario[38]
Flowerdew, GordonGordon Flowerdew	1918*	First World War	Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians)	Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians)	Bois de Moreuil, France	British Columbia[39]
Foote, JohnJohn Foote	1942	Second World War	1st Battalion, The Royal Hamilton Light Infantry	Royal Hamilton Light Infantry (Wentworth Regiment)	Dieppe, France	Ontario[40]
Good, HermanHerman Good	1918	First World War	13th Battalion (Royal Highlanders of Canada), CEF	Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada	Hangard Wood, France	New Brunswick[41]
Gray, RobertRobert Gray	1945*	Second World War	Fleet Air Arm	Fleet Air Arm	Honshū, Japan	British Columbia[42]	[note 9]
Gregg, MiltonMilton Gregg	1918	First World War	Royal Canadian Regiment	Royal Canadian Regiment	Cambrai, France	New Brunswick[43]
Hall, FrederickFrederick Hall	1915*	First World War	8th Battalion (90th Winnipeg Rifles), CEF	Royal Winnipeg Rifles	Ypres, Belgium	Manitoba[44]	[note 1]
Hall, WilliamWilliam Hall	1857	Indian rebellion of 1857	HMS Shannon	none	Lucknow, India	Nova Scotia[45]
Hanna, RobertRobert Hanna	1917	First World War	29th Battalion, CEF	British Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own)	Lens, France	British Columbia[46]
Harvey, FrederickFrederick Harvey	1917	First World War	Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians)	Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians)	Guyencourt, France	Alberta[47]
Hobson, FrederickFrederick Hobson	1917*	First World War	20th Battalion, CEF	Queen's York Rangers (1st American Regiment) (RCAC)	Lens, France	Ontario[48]
Hoey, CharlesCharles Hoey	1944	Second World War	Royal Lincolnshire Regiment	Royal Anglian Regiment	Ngakyedauk Pass, Burma (now Myanmar)	British Columbia[49]
Holland, EdwardEdward Holland	1900	Second Boer War	Royal Canadian Dragoons	Royal Canadian Dragoons	Komati River, South Africa	Ontario[50]
Holmes, ThomasThomas Holmes	1917	First World War	4th Canadian Mounted Rifles Battalion, CEF	Governor General's Horse Guards	Passchendaele, Belgium	Ontario[51]
Honey, SamuelSamuel Honey	1918*	First World War	78th Battalion, CEF	Winnipeg Grenadiers	Bourlon Wood, France	Ontario[52]
Hornell, DavidDavid Hornell	1944	Second World War	No. 162 Squadron RCAF		Faroes, Atlantic	Ontario[53]
Hutcheson, BellendenBellenden Hutcheson	1918	First World War	75th Battalion, CEF	Toronto Scottish Regiment (Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother's Own)	Arras, France	Ontario[54]	[note 10]
Kaeble, JosephJoseph Kaeble	1918*	First World War	22nd Battalion, CEF	Royal 22^e Régiment	Neuville-Vitasse, France	Quebec[55]
Kerr, GeorgeGeorge Kerr	1918	First World War	3rd Battalion, CEF	Queen's Own Rifles of Canada and Royal Regiment of Canada	Bourlon Wood, France	Ontario[56]
Kerr, JohnJohn Kerr	1916	First World War	49th Battalion, CEF	Loyal Edmonton Regiment (4th Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry)	Courcelette, France	Nova Scotia[57]
Kinross, CecilCecil Kinross	1917	First World War	49th Battalion, CEF	Loyal Edmonton Regiment (4th Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry)	Passchendaele, Belgium	Alberta[58]
Knight, ArthurArthur Knight	1918*	First World War	10th Battalion, CEF	Royal Winnipeg Rifles and Calgary Highlanders	Villers-les-Cagnicourt, France	Saskatchewan[59]
Konowal, FilipFilip Konowal	1917	First World War	47th Battalion, CEF	Royal Westminster Regiment	Lens, France	n/a	[note 11]
Learmonth, OkillOkill Learmonth	1917*	First World War	2nd Battalion, CEF	The Governor General's Foot Guards	Loos, France	Quebec[59]
Lyall, GrahamGraham Lyall	1918	First World War	102nd Battalion, CEF	British Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own)	Cambrai, France	Ontario[60]
MacDowell, ThainThain MacDowell	1917	First World War	38th Battalion, CEF	Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa (Duke of Edinburgh's Own)	Vimy Ridge, France	Ontario[61]
MacGregor, JohnJohn MacGregor	1918	First World War	2nd Canadian Mounted Rifles Battalion, CEF	British Columbia Dragoons	Cambrai, France	British Columbia[62]
Mahony, JohnJohn Mahony	1944	Second World War	Westminster Regiment (Motor)	Royal Westminster Regiment	River Melfa, Italy	British Columbia[63]
McKean, GeorgeGeorge McKean	1918	First World War	14th Battalion, CEF	Royal Montreal Regiment	Gavrelle Sector, France	Alberta[64]
McKenzie, HughHugh McKenzie	1917*	First World War	Canadian Machine Gun Corps		Meetscheele Spur, Belgium	Alberta[65]
McLeod, AlanAlan McLeod	1918*	First World War	No. 2 Squadron RFC		Albert, France	Manitoba[66]
Merrifield, WilliamWilliam Merrifield	1918	First World War	4th Battalion, CEF	56th Field Artillery Regiment, RCA, Royal Hamilton Light Infantry (Wentworth Regiment)	Abancourt, France	Ontario[67]
Merritt, CharlesCharles Merritt	1942	Second World War	South Saskatchewan Regiment		Dieppe, France	British Columbia[68]
Metcalf, WilliamWilliam Metcalf	1918	First World War	16th Battalion (Canadian Scottish), CEF	Canadian Scottish Regiment	Arras, France	n/a	[note 10]
Milne, WilliamWilliam Milne	1917*	First World War	16th Battalion (Canadian Scottish), CEF	Canadian Scottish Regiment	Thelus, France	Saskatchewan[69]
Miner, HarryHarry Miner	1918*	First World War	58th Battalion, CEF	Royal Regiment of Canada	Demuin, France	Ontario[70]
Mitchell, Coulson NormanCoulson Norman Mitchell	1918	First World War	4th Battalion Canadian Engineers		Canal de L'Escaut, France	Manitoba[71]
Mullin, GeorgeGeorge Mullin	1917	First World War	Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry		Passchendaele, Belgium	Saskatchewan[72]	[note 10]
Mynarski, AndrewAndrew Mynarski	1944*	Second World War	No. 419 Squadron RCAF		Cambrai, France	Manitoba[73]
Nickerson, WilliamWilliam Nickerson	1900	Second Boer War	Royal Army Medical Corps		Wakkerstroom, South Africa	New Brunswick[74]	[note 3]
Nunney, ClaudeClaude Nunney	1918*	First World War	38th Battalion, CEF	Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa (Duke of Edinburgh's Own)	Drocourt-Queant Line, France	Ontario[75]
O'Kelly, ChristopherChristopher O'Kelly	1917	First World War	52nd Battalion, CEF	Lake Superior Scottish Regiment	Passchendaele, Belgium	Manitoba[76]
O'Leary, MichaelMichael O'Leary	1915	First World War	Irish Guards		Cuinchy, France	Saskatchewan[77]	[note 12]
O'Rourke, MichaelMichael O'Rourke	1917	First World War	7th Battalion, CEF	British Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own)	Hill 70, France	British Columbia[78]
Osborn, JohnJohn Osborn	1941	Second World War	Winnipeg Grenadiers		Mount Butler, Hong Kong	Manitoba[79]
Pattison, JohnJohn Pattison	1917*	First World War	50th Battalion, CEF	King's Own Calgary Regiment (RCAC)	Vimy Ridge, France	Alberta[80]
Pearkes, GeorgeGeorge Pearkes	1917	First World War	5th Canadian Mounted Rifles Battalion, CEF	Sherbrooke Hussars	Passchendaele, Belgium	Yukon[81]
Peck, CyrusCyrus Peck	1918	First World War	16th Battalion (Canadian Scottish), CEF	Canadian Scottish Regiment	Cagnicourt, France	New Brunswick[82]
Peters, FrederickFrederick Peters	1942	Second World War	HMS Walney		Oran, Algeria	P.E.I[83]
Rayfield, WalterWalter Rayfield	1918	First World War	7th Battalion, CEF	British Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own)	Arras, France	Ontario[84]
Reade, HerbertHerbert Reade	1857	Indian rebellion of 1857	61st Regiment of Foot		Delhi, India	Ontario[85]
Richardson, ArthurArthur Richardson	1900	Second Boer War	Strathcona's Horse	Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians)	Wolwespruit, South Africa	n/a[86] [note 13]
Richardson, JamesJames Richardson	1916*	First World War	16th Battalion (Canadian Scottish), CEF	Canadian Scottish Regiment	Somme, France	British Columbia[87]
Robertson, JamesJames Robertson	1917*	First World War	27th Battalion, CEF	Royal Winnipeg Rifles	Passchendaele, Belgium	Nova Scotia[88]
Rutherford, CharlesCharles Rutherford	1918	First World War	5th Canadian Mounted Rifles Battalion, CEF	Sherbrooke Hussars	Monchy, France	Ontario[89]
Scrimger, FrancisFrancis Scrimger	1915	First World War	Canadian Army Medical Corps		St. Julien, Belgium	Quebec[90]
Shankland, RobertRobert Shankland	1917	First World War	43rd Battalion, CEF		Passchendaele, Belgium	Manitoba[91]	[note 1]
Sifton, EllisEllis Sifton	1917*	First World War	18th Battalion, CEF		Neuville-S^t.-Vaast, France	Ontario[92]
Sinton, JohnJohn Sinton	1916	First World War	Indian Medical Service		Orah Ruins, Mesopotamia	British Columbia[93]	[note 3]
Smith, ErnestErnest Smith	1944	Second World War	Seaforth Highlanders of Canada		River Savio, Italy	British Columbia[94]
Spall, RobertRobert Spall	1918*	First World War	Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry		Parvillers, France	Manitoba[95]
Strachan, HarcusHarcus Strachan	1917	First World War	Fort Garry Horse		Masnières, France	Manitoba[96]
Tait, JamesJames Tait	1918*	First World War	78th Battalion, CEF		Amiens, France	N.W.T[97]
Tilston, FrederickFrederick Tilston	1945	Second World War	Essex Scottish Regiment		Hochwald Forest, Germany	Ontario[98]
Topham, FrederickFrederick Topham	1945	Second World War	1st Canadian Parachute Battalion		Rhine, Germany	Ontario[99]
Triquet, PaulPaul Triquet	1943	Second World War	Royal 22^e Régiment		Casa Berardi, Italy	Quebec[100]
Turner, RichardRichard Turner	1900	Second Boer War	Royal Canadian Dragoons		Komati River, South Africa	Quebec[101]
Wilkinson, ThomasThomas Wilkinson	1916*	First World War	Loyal North Lancashire Regiment		La Boiselle, France	n/a[102]
Young, JohnJohn Young	1918	First World War	87th Battalion, CEF		Dury-Arras Sector, France	Quebec[103]
Zengel, RaphaelRaphael Zengel	1918	First World War	5th Battalion, CEF		Warvillers, France	Saskatchewan[104]	[note 10]

See also

• Canadian order of precedence (decorations and medals)
• Persons of National Historic Significance

Notes

1. One of three WWI Canadian VC recipients who lived on same block on Pine Street (now Valour Road) in Winnipeg: Leo Clarke, Frederick Hall and Robert Shankland
2. Born in the Dominion of Newfoundland, moved to Canada at age 2. Fellow recipient Thomas Ricketts, not included on this sub-list, was a citizen of the Dominion of Newfoundland in the Royal Newfoundland Regiment
3. Recipients were Canadians, but were serving in Other Army Units at the time of their VC act
4. He was the first Canadian awarded the Victoria Cross for actions subsequent to Canadian Confederation
5. Although born in Ireland, was enlisted in the Canadian army and is considered Canadian at the time he won the medal
6. Although a Danish citizen who enlisted in the Canadian army, he is considered Canadian at the time he won the medal
7. Awarded VC for actions taken not in the face of the enemy, one of only six awarded this way
8. First Canadian to earn VC, during the Charge of the Light Brigade, 1854-Oct-25
9. Last Canadian to earn VC, in actions sinking Japanese escort ship Amakusa, 1945-Aug-9
10. Although an American citizen who enlisted in the Canadian army, is considered Canadian at the time he won the medal
11. Although a Ukrainian citizen who enlisted in the Canadian army, is considered Canadian at the time he won the medal
12. Considered Irish, but listed here due to residency in Canada
13. first soldier to be awarded the Victoria Cross for actions committed while serving with a Canadian unit (even though under British command)

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93. Bob Sinton, Tandragee, Co. Armagh, Northern Ireland. "Sinton Family Trees – Details of Brig. John Alexander Sinton VC, OBE, DL, FRS, MD, DSc, MB, BCh, son of Walter Lyon Sinton and Isabella Mary Pringle, Born 1884, Died 1956". Bob-sinton.com. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
94. "Ernest Alvia Smith". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
95. "Robert Spall". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
96. "Harcus Strachan". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
97. "James Edward Tait". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
98. "Frederick Albert Tilston". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
99. "Frederick George Topham". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
100. "Paul Triquet". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
101. "Richard Ernest William Turner". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
102. "Thomas Orde Lawder Wilkinson". Veteran Affairs Canada. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
103. "John Francis Young". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
104. "Raphael Louis Zengel". National Defence and Canadian Forces. Retrieved 8 December 2010.