Economy of Bangladesh

Economy of Bangladesh

Skyscrapers in Dhaka
Currency Taka৳ (BDT)
1 July – 30 June
Trade organizations
 SAFTA, BIMSTEC, WTO
Statistics
GDP $226.7 billion (nominal; 2016)[1]
$628.3 billion (PPP; 2016)[1]
GDP rank 46th (nominal) / 34th (PPP)
GDP growth
 Increase 7.1%[2]
GDP per capita
 $1,403 (nominal; 2016)[1]
$3,890 (PPP; 2016)[1][3]
GDP per capita rank
 150th (nominal) / 139th (PPP)[4]
GDP by sector
 agriculture: 15.5%
industry: 28.1%
services: 56.3% (2015 est.)
5.6% (2016)[5]
Population below poverty line
 13% living below $2/day (2016)[6]
.320 (2010)
Labour force
 81.95 million (2015)[7]
Labour force by occupation
 agriculture: 40%, industry: 30%, services: 30% (2013)
Unemployment 4.5%[8] (2013 est.)
Main industries
 jute, cotton, garments, paper, leather, fertilizer, iron and steel, cement, petroleum products, tobacco, pharmaceuticals, ceramics, tea, salt, sugar, edible oils, soap and detergent, fabricated metal products, electricity, natural gas
174th[9]
External
Exports $37.61 billion (FY2015-16)[10]
Export goods
 garments, knitwear, agricultural products, frozen food (fish and seafood), jute and jute goods, leather
Main export partners
 US 13.9%, Germany 12.9%, UK 8.9%, France 5%, Spain 4.7% (2015)
Imports $40.69 billion (FY 2014-15)[11]
Import goods
 cotton, machinery and equipment, chemicals, iron and steel, foodstuffs
Main import partners
 China 22.4%, India 14.1%, Singapore 5.2% (2015)
$35.49 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
Public finances
31.9% of GDP (2015 est.)
Revenues $20.96 billion (2015 est.)
Expenses $30.75 billion (2015 est.)
BB- (domestic)
BB- (foreign)
BB- (T&C assessment)
Outlook: Stable
(Standard & Poor's)[12]
Foreign reserves
 $31.20 billion (July 2016)[13]
Main data source: CIA World Fact Book
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.
Chittagong is the second largest city in Bangladesh and its chief seaport, being home to many of the country's largest and oldest companies

The market-based economy of Bangladesh is the 44th largest in the world in nominal terms, and 32nd largest by purchasing power parity; it is classified among the Next Eleven emerging market economies. According to the IMF, Bangladesh's economy is the second fastest growing major economy of 2016, with a rate of 7.1%.[14][15] Dhaka and Chittagong are the principal financial centers of the country, being home to the Dhaka Stock Exchange and the Chittagong Stock Exchange.The financial sector of Bangladesh is the second largest in the subcontinent.

In the decade since 2004, Bangladesh averaged a GDP growth of 6.5%, that has been largely driven by its exports of ready made garments, remittances and the domestic agricultural sector. The country has pursued export-oriented industrialisation, with its key export sectors include textiles, shipbuilding, fish and seafood, jute and leather goods. It has also developed self-sufficient industries in pharmaceuticals, steel and food processing. Bangladesh's telecommunication industry has witnessed rapid growth over the years, receiving high investment from foreign companies. Bangladesh also has substantial reserves of natural gas and is Asia's seventh largest gas producer. Offshore exploration activities are increasing in its maritime territory in the Bay of Bengal. It also has large deposits of limestone.[16] The government promotes the Digital Bangladesh scheme as part of its efforts to develop the country's growing information technology sector.

Bangladesh is strategically important for the economies of Northeast India, Nepal and Bhutan, as Bangladeshi seaports provide maritime access for these landlocked regions and countries.[17][18][19] China also views Bangladesh as a potential gateway for its landlocked southwest, including Tibet, Sichuan and Yunnan.

In 2016, per-capita income was estimated as per IMF data at US$3,840 (PPP) and US$1,386 (Nominal).[20] Bangladesh is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the World Trade Organisation and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. The economy faces challenges of infrastructure bottlenecks, insufficient power and gas supplies, bureaucratic corruption, political instability, natural calamities and a lack of skilled workers.

Economic history

East Bengal - the eastern segment of Bengal - was a historically prosperous region.[21] The Ganges Delta provided advantages of a mild, almost tropical climate, fertile soil, ample water, and an abundance of fish, wildlife, and fruit.[21] The standard of living is believed to have been higher compared with other parts of South Asia.[21] As early as the thirteenth century, the region was developing as an agrarian economy.[21] Bengal was the junction of trade routes on the Southeastern Silk Road. Under Mughal rule, it was a center of the worldwide muslin, silk and pearl trade.[21] The British East India company, however, on their arrival in the late eighteenth century, chose to develop Calcutta, now the capital city of West Bengal, as their commercial and administrative center for the company held territories in South Asia.[21] The development of East Bengal was thereafter limited to agriculture.[21] The administrative infrastructure of the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries reinforced East Bengal's function as the primary agricultural producer—chiefly of rice, tea, teak, cotton, sugar cane and jute — for processors and traders from around Asia and beyond.[21]

After its independence from Pakistan, Bangladesh followed a socialist economy by nationalising all industries, proving to be a critical blunder undertaken by the Awami League government. Some of the same factors that had made East Bengal a prosperous region became disadvantages during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.[21] As life expectancy increased, the limitations of land and the annual floods increasingly became constraints on economic growth.[21] Traditional agricultural methods became obstacles to the modernisation of agriculture.[21] Geography severely limited the development and maintenance of a modern transportation and communications system.[21]

The partition of British India and the emergence of India and Pakistan in 1947 severely disrupted the economic system. The united government of Pakistan expanded the cultivated area and some irrigation facilities, but the rural population generally became poorer between 1947 and 1971 because improvements did not keep pace with rural population increase.[21] Pakistan's five-year plans opted for a development strategy based on industrialisation, but the major share of the development budget went to West Pakistan, that is, contemporary Pakistan.[21] The lack of natural resources meant that East Pakistan was heavily dependent on imports, creating a balance of payments problem.[21] Without a substantial industrialisation program or adequate agrarian expansion, the economy of East Pakistan steadily declined.[21] Blame was placed by various observers, but especially those in East Pakistan, on the West Pakistani leaders who not only dominated the government but also most of the fledgling industries in East Pakistan.[21]

Since Bangladesh followed a socialist economy by nationalising all industries after its independence, it underwent a slow growth of producing experienced entrepreneurs, managers, administrators, engineers, and technicians.[22] There were critical shortages of essential food grains and other staples because of wartime disruptions.[22] External markets for jute had been lost because of the instability of supply and the increasing popularity of synthetic substitutes.[22] Foreign exchange resources were minuscule, and the banking and monetary systems were unreliable.[22] Although Bangladesh had a large work force, the vast reserves of under trained and underpaid workers were largely illiterate, unskilled, and underemployed.[22] Commercially exploitable industrial resources, except for natural gas, were lacking.[22] Inflation, especially for essential consumer goods, ran between 300 and 400 percent.[22] The war of independence had crippled the transportation system.[22] Hundreds of road and railroad bridges had been destroyed or damaged, and rolling stock was inadequate and in poor repair.[22] The new country was still recovering from a severe cyclone that hit the area in 1970 and cause 250,000 deaths.[22] India came forward immediately with critically measured economic assistance in the first months after Bangladesh achieved independence from Pakistan.[22] Between December 1971 and January 1972, India committed US$232 million in aid to Bangladesh from the politco-economic aid India received from the US and USSR. Official amount of disbursement yet undisclosed.[22]

After 1975, Bangladeshi leaders began to turn their attention to developing new industrial capacity and rehabilitating its economy.[23] The static economic model adopted by these early leaders, however—including the nationalisation of much of the industrial sector—resulted in inefficiency and economic stagnation.[23] Beginning in late 1975, the government gradually gave greater scope to private sector participation in the economy, a pattern that has continued.[23] Many state-owned enterprises have been privatised, like banking, telecommunication, aviation, media, and jute.[23] Inefficiency in the public sector has been rising however at a gradual pace; external resistance to developing the country's richest natural resources is mounting; and power sectors including infrastructure have all contributed to slowing economic growth.[23]

In the mid-1980s, there were encouraging signs of progress.[23] Economic policies aimed at encouraging private enterprise and investment, privatising public industries, reinstating budgetary discipline, and liberalising the import regime were accelerated.[23] From 1991 to 1993, the government successfully followed an enhanced structural adjustment facility (ESAF) with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) but failed to follow through on reforms in large part because of preoccupation with the government's domestic political troubles.[23] In the late 1990s the government's economic policies became more entrenched, and some gains were lost, which was highlighted by a precipitous drop in foreign direct investment in 2000 and 2001.[23] In June 2003 the IMF approved 3-year, $490-million plan as part of the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF) for Bangladesh that aimed to support the government's economic reform program up to 2006.[23] Seventy million dollars was made available immediately.[23] In the same vein the World Bank approved $536 million in interest-free loans.[23] In the year 2010 Government of India extended a line of credit worth $1 billion to counterbalance China's close relationship with Bangladesh.

Bangladesh historically has run a large trade deficit, financed largely through aid receipts and remittances from workers overseas.[23] Foreign reserves dropped markedly in 2001 but stabilised in the USD3 to USD4 billion range (or about 3 months' import cover).[23] In January 2007, reserves stood at $3.74 billion, and then increased to $5.8 billion by January 2008, in November 2009 it surpassed $10.0 billion, and as of April 2011 it surpassed the US $12 billion according to the Bank of Bangladesh, the central bank.[23] The dependence on foreign aid and imports has also decreased gradually since the early 1990s.[24] According to Bangladesh bank the reserve is $30 billions in August 2016

Macro-economic trend

This is a chart of trend of gross domestic product of Bangladesh at market prices estimated by the International Monetary Fund with figures in millions of Bangladeshi Taka. However, this reflects only the formal sector of the economy.

Year Gross Domestic Product (Million Taka) US Dollar Exchange Inflation Index
(2000=100) 		Per Capita Income
(as % of USA)
1980 250,300 16.10 Taka 20 1.79
1985 597,318 31.00 Taka 36 1.19
1990 1,054,234 35.79 Taka 58 1.16
1995 1,594,210 40.27 Taka 78 1.12
2000 2,453,160 52.14 Taka 100 0.97
2005 3,913,334 63.92 Taka 126 0.95
2008 5,003,438 68.65 Taka 147
2015 17,295,665 78.15 Taka. 196 2.48

Mean wages were $0.58 per man-hour in 2009.

Economic sectors

Agriculture

Map showing the growing areas of major agricultural products.

Most Bangladeshis earn their living from agriculture.[23] Although rice and jute are the primary crops, maize and vegetables are assuming greater importance.[23] Due to the expansion of irrigation networks, some wheat producers have switched to cultivation of maize which is used mostly as poultry feed.[23] Tea is grown in the northeast.[23] Because of Bangladesh's fertile soil and normally ample water supply, rice can be grown and harvested three times a year in many areas.[23] Due to a number of factors, Bangladesh's labour-intensive agriculture has achieved steady increases in food grain production despite the often unfavourable weather conditions.[23] These include better flood control and irrigation, a generally more efficient use of fertilisers, and the establishment of better distribution and rural credit networks.[23] With 28.8 million metric tons produced in 2005-2006 (July–June), rice is Bangladesh's principal crop.[23] By comparison, wheat output in 2005-2006 was 9 million metric tons.[23] Population pressure continues to place a severe burden on productive capacity, creating a food deficit, especially of wheat.[23] Foreign assistance and commercial imports fill the gap,[23] but seasonal hunger ("monga") remains a problem.[25] Underemployment remains a serious problem, and a growing concern for Bangladesh's agricultural sector will be its ability to absorb additional manpower.[23] Finding alternative sources of employment will continue to be a daunting problem for future governments, particularly with the increasing numbers of landless peasants who already account for about half the rural labour force.[23] Due to farmers' vulnerability to various risks, Bangladesh's poorest face numerous potential limitations on their ability to enhance agriculture production and their livelihoods. These include an actual and perceived risk to investing in new agricultural technologies and activities (despite their potential to increase income), a vulnerability to shocks and stresses and a limited ability to mitigate or cope with these and limited access to market information.[25]

Manufacturing and industry

Many new jobs - mostly for women - have been created by the country's dynamic private ready-made garment industry, which grew at double-digit rates through most of the 1990s.[23] By the late 1990s, about 1.5 million people, mostly women, were employed in the garments sector as well as Leather products specially Footwear (Shoe manufacturing unit). During 2001-2002, export earnings from ready-made garments reached $3,125 million, representing 52% of Bangladesh's total exports. Bangladesh has overtaken India in apparel exports in 2009, its exports stood at 2.66 billion US dollar, ahead of India's 2.27 billion US dollar and in 2014 the export rose to $3.12 billion every month.

Eastern Bengal was known for its fine muslin and silk fabric before the British period. The dyes, yarn, and cloth were the envy of much of the premodern world. Bengali muslin, silk, and brocade were worn by the aristocracy of Asia and Europe. The introduction of machine-made textiles from England in the late eighteenth century spelled doom for the costly and time-consuming hand loom process. Cotton growing died out in East Bengal, and the textile industry became dependent on imported yarn. Those who had earned their living in the textile industry were forced to rely more completely on farming. Only the smallest vestiges of a once-thriving cottage industry survived.[26]

Other industries which have shown very strong growth include the pharmaceutical industry,[27] shipbuilding industry,[28] information technology,[29] leather industry,[30] steel industry,[31][32] and light engineering industry.[33][34]

Apparel sector

A Bangladeshi textile fabric plant

Bangladesh's textile industry, which includes knitwear and ready-made garments (RMG) along with specialised textile products, is the nation's number one export earner, accounting for $21.5 billion in 2013 – 80% of Bangladesh's total exports of $27 billion.[35] Bangladesh is 2nd in world textile exports, behind China, which exported $120.1 billion worth of textiles in 2009. The industry employs nearly 3.5 million workers. Current exports have doubled since 2004. Wages in Bangladesh's textile industry were the lowest in the world as of 2010. The country was considered the most formidable rival to China where wages were rapidly rising and currency was appreciating.[36][37] As of 2012 wages remained low for the 3 million people employed in the industry, but labour unrest was increasing despite vigorous government action to enforce labour peace. Owners of textile firms and their political allies were a powerful political influence in Bangladesh.[38] The urban garment industry has created more than one million formal sector jobs for women, contributing to the high female labour participation in Bangladesh.[39] While it can be argued that women working in the garment industry are subjected to unsafe labour conditions and low wages, Dina M. Siddiqi argues that even though conditions in Bangladesh garment factories "are by no means ideal," they still give women in Bangladesh the opportunity to earn their own wages.[40] As evidence she points to the fear created by the passage of the 1993 Harkins Bill (Child Labor Deterrence Bill), which caused factory owners to dismiss "an estimated 50,000 children, many of whom helped support their families, forcing them into a completely unregulated informal sector, in lower-paying and much less secure occupations such as brick-breaking, domestic service and rickshaw pulling."[40]

Even though the working conditions in garment factories are not ideal, they tend to financially be more reliable than other occupations and, "enhance women’s economic capabilities to spend, save and invest their incomes."[41] Both married and unmarried women send money back to their families as remittances, but these earned wages have more than just economic benefits. Many women in the garment industry are marrying later, have lower fertility rates, and attain higher levels of education, then women employed elsewhere.[41]

After massive labour unrest in 2006[42] the government formed a Minimum Wage Board including busineref>"Bangladesh world's 2nd most pro-free market country". Dhaka Tribune. 1 November 2014. ss and worker representatives which in 2006 set a minimum wage equivalent to 1,662.50 taka, $24 a month, up from Tk950. In 2010, following widespread labour protests involving 60,000 workers in June 2010,[43][44][45] a controversial proposal was being considered by the Board which would raise the monthly minimum to the equivalent of $50 a month, still far below worker demands of 5,000 taka, $72, for entry level wages, but unacceptably high according to textile manufacturers who are asking for a wage below $30.[37][46] On 28 July 2010 it was announced that the minimum entry level wage would be increased to 3,000 taka, about $43.[47]

The government also seems to believe some change is necessary. On 21 September 2006 then ex-Prime Minister Khaleda Zia called on textile firms to ensure the safety of workers by complying with international labour law at a speech inaugurating the Bangladesh Apparel & Textile Exposition (BATEXPO).

Shipbuilding and ship breaking

Shipbuilding is a growing industry in Bangladesh with great potentials.[48][49] The potentials of shipbuilding in Bangladesh has made the country to be compared with countries like China, Japan and South Korea.[50] Referring to the growing amount of export deals secured by the shipbuilding companies as well as the low cost labour available in the country, experts suggest that Bangladesh could emerge as a major competitor in the global market of small to medium ocean-going vessels.[51]

Bangladesh also has the world's largest ship breaking industry which employs over 200,000 Bangladeshis and accounts for half of all the steel in Bangladesh.[52] Chittagong Ship Breaking Yard is world's second-largest ship breaking area.

Khulna Shipyard Limited (KSY) with over five decades of reputation has been leading the Bangladesh Shipbuilding industry and had built a wide spectrum of ships for domestic and international clients. KSY built ships for Bangladesh Navy, Bangladesh Army and Bangladesh Coast Guard under the contract of ministry of defense.

Finance

Until 1980s, the financial sector of Bangladesh was dominated by state-owned banks.[53] With the grand-scale reform made in finance, private commercial banks were established through privatization. The next finance sector reform program was launched from 2000 to 2006 with focus on the development of financial institutions and adoption of risk-based regulations and supervision by Bangladesh Bank. As of date, the banking sector consisted of 4 SCBs, 4 government-owned specialized banks dealing in development financing, 39 private commercial banks, and 9 foreign commercial banks.

Investment

The stock market capitalisation of the Dhaka Stock Exchange in Bangladesh crossed $10 billion in November 2007 and the $30 billion mark in 2009, and USD 50 billion in August 2010.[54] Bangladesh had the best performing stock market in Asia during the recent global recession between 2007 and 2010, due to relatively low correlations with developed country stock markets.[55]

Major investment in real estate by domestic and foreign-resident Bangladeshis has led to a massive building boom in Dhaka and Chittagong.

Recent (2011) trends for investing in Bangladesh as Saudi Arabia trying to secure public and private investment in oil and gas, power and transportation projects, United Arab Emirates (UAE) is keen to invest in growing shipbuilding industry in Bangladesh encouraged by comparative cost advantage, Tata, an India-based leading industrial multinational to invest Taka 1500 crore to set up an automobile industry in Bangladesh, World Bank to invest in rural roads improving quality of live, the Rwandan entrepreneurs are keen to invest in Bangladesh's pharmaceuticals sector considering its potentiality in international market, Samsung sought to lease 500 industrial plots from the export zones authority to set up an electronics hub in Bangladesh with an investment of US$1.25 billion, National Board of Revenue (NBR) is set to withdraw tax rebate facilities on investment in the capital market by individual taxpayers from the fiscal 2011-12.[56] In 2011, Japan Bank for International Cooperation ranked Bangladesh as the 15th best investment destination for foreign investors.[57]

2010-11 market crash

The bullish capital market turned bearish during 2010, with the exchange losing 1,800 points between December 2010 and January 2011.[58] Millions of investors have been rendered bankrupt as a result of the market crash. The crash is believed to be caused artificially to benefit a handful of players at the expense of the big players.[58]

External trade

A Square Pharmaceuticals plant in Gazipur. Bangladesh's pharmaceuticals industry exports to over 50 countries

The Bangladesh Garments Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA) has predicted textile exports will rise from US$7.90 billion earned in 2005-06 to US$15 billion by 2011. In part this optimism stems from how well the sector has fared since the end of textile and clothing quotas, under the Multifibre Agreement, in early 2005.

According to a United Nations Development Programme report "Sewing Thoughts: How to Realize Human Development Gains in the Post-Quota World" Bangladesh has been able to offset a decline in European sales by cultivating new markets in the United States.[59]

"[In 2005] we had tremendous growth. The quota-free textile regime has proved to be a big boost for our factories," said BGMEA president S.M. Fazlul Hoque told reporters, after the sector's 24 per cent growth rate was revealed.[60]

The Bangladesh Knitwear Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BKMEA) president Md Fazlul Hoque has also struck an optimistic tone. In an interview with United News Bangladesh he lauded the blistering growth rate, saying "The quality of our products and its competitiveness in terms of prices helped the sector achieve such... tremendous success."

Knitwear posted the strongest growth of all textile products in 2005-06, surging 35.38 per cent to US$2.82 billion. On the downside however, the sector's strong growth came amid sharp falls in prices for textile products on the world market, with growth subsequently dependent upon large increases in volume.

Bangladesh's quest to boost the quantity of textile trade was also helped by US and EU caps on Chinese textiles. The US cap restricts growth in imports of Chinese textiles to 12.5 per cent next year and between 15 and 16 per cent in 2008. The EU deal similarly manages import growth until 2008.

Bangladesh may continue to benefit from these restrictions over the next two years, however a climate of falling global textile prices forces wage rates the centre of the nation's efforts to increase market share.

They offer a range of incentives to potential investors including 10-year tax holidays, duty-free import of capital goods, raw materials and building materials, exemptions on income tax on salaries paid to foreign nationals for three years and dividend tax exemptions for the period of the tax holiday.

All goods produced in the zones are able to be exported duty-free, in addition to which Bangladesh benefits from the Generalised System of Preferences in US, European and Japanese markets and is also endowed with Most Favoured Nation status from the United States.

Furthermore, Bangladesh imposes no ceiling on investment in the EPZs and allows full repatriation of profits.

The formation of labour unions within the EPZs is prohibited as are strikes.[61]

Bangladesh has been a world leader in its efforts to end the use of child labour in garment factories. On 4 July 1995, the Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association, International Labour Organization, and UNICEF signed a memorandum of understanding on the elimination of child labour in the garment sector. Implementation of this pioneering agreement began in fall 1995, and by the end of 1999, child labour in the garment trade virtually had been eliminated.[62] The labour-intensive process of ship breaking for scrap has developed to the point where it now meets most of Bangladesh's domestic steel needs. Other industries include sugar, tea, leather goods, newsprint, pharmaceutical, and fertilizer production.

The Bangladesh government continues to court foreign investment, something it has done fairly successfully in private power generation and gas exploration and production, as well as in other sectors such as cellular telephony, textiles, and pharmaceuticals. In 1989, the same year it signed a bilateral investment treaty with the United States, it established a Board of Investment to simplify approval and start-up procedures for foreign investors, although in practice the board has done little to increase investment. The government created the Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority to manage the various export processing zones. The agency currently manages EPZs in Adamjee, Chittagong, Comilla, Dhaka, Ishwardi, Karnaphuli, Mongla, and Uttara. An EPZ has also been proposed for Sylhet.[63] The government has given the private sector permission to build and operate competing EPZs-initial construction on a Korean EPZ started in 1999. In June 1999, the AFL-CIO petitioned the U.S. Government to deny Bangladesh access to U.S. markets under the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), citing the country's failure to meet promises made in 1992 to allow freedom of association in EPZs.

Bangladeshi women and the economy

Male and female labour participation rates

As of 2014, female participation in the labour force is 58% as per World Bank data,[64] and male participation at 82%.

A 2007 World Bank report stated that the areas in which women's work force participation have increased the most are in the fields of agriculture, education and health and social work.[39] Over three-quarters of women in the labour force work in the agricultural sector. On the other hand, the International Labour Organization reports that women's workforce participation has only increased in the professional and administrative areas between 2000 and 2005, demonstrating women's increased participation in sectors that require higher education. Employment and labour force participation data from the World Bank, the UN, and the ILO vary and often under report on women's work due to unpaid labour and informal sector jobs.[65] Though these fields are mostly paid, women experience very different work conditions than men, including wage differences and work benefits. Women’s wages are significantly lower than men’s wages for the same job with women being paid as much as 60-75 percent less than what men make.[66]

One example of action that is being taken to improve female conditions in the work force is Non-Governmental Organisations. These NGOs encourage women to rely on their own self-savings, rather than external funds provide women with increased decision-making and participation within the family and society.[67] However, some NGOs that address microeconomic issues among individual families fail to deal with broader macroeconomic issues that prevent women's complete autonomy and advancement.[67]

Overview

Bazaars in Bangladesh are popular trading places for everyday household necessities.

Bangladesh has made significant strides in its economic sector performance since independence in 1971. Although the economy has improved vastly in the 1990s, Bangladesh still suffers in the area of foreign trade in South Asian region. Despite major impediments to growth like the inefficiency of state-owned enterprises, a rapidly growing labour force that cannot be absorbed by agriculture, inadequate power supplies,[68] and slow implementation of economic reforms, Bangladesh has made some headway improving the climate for foreign investors and liberalising the capital markets; for example, it has negotiated with foreign firms for oil and gas exploration, better countrywide distribution of cooking gas, and the construction of natural gas pipelines and power stations. Progress on other economic reforms has been halting because of opposition from the bureaucracy, public sector unions, and other vested interest groups.

The especially severe floods of 1998 increased the flow of international aid. So far the global financial crisis has not had a major impact on the economy.[69] Foreign aid has seen a gradual decline over the last few decades but economists see this as a good sign for self-reliance.[70] There has been a dramatic growth in exports and remittance inflow which has helped the economy to expand at a steady rate.[71][72]

Fiscal Year Total Export Total Import Foreign Remittance Earnings
2007–2008 $14.11b $25.205b $8.9b
2008–2009 $15.56b$22.00b+ $9.68b
2009–2010 $16.7b ~$24b $10.87b
2010–2011 $22.93b $32b $11.65b
2011–2012 $24.30b $35.92b $12.85b
2012–2013 $14.4b[73]
2013–2014 $30.10b $29.37b $14.2b
2014–2015 $31.2b [74] $40.69b $14.23b[11]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". IMF.
  2. ↑ "ADB revises up growth forecast for Bangladesh". The Daily Star. 27 September 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
  3. ↑ "Per capita income rises to $1466". The Daily Star. 6 April 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  4. ↑ "Growth over 7%, per capita income $1,466 by this year". The Daily Star. 5 April 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  5. ↑ "Bangladesh Development Update: Economy Requires Focus on Sustainable and Inclusive Growth". World Bank. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
  6. ↑ Misha, Farzana; Sulaiman, Munshi. "Bangladesh Priorities: Poverty, Sulaiman and Misha | Copenhagen Consensus Center". www.copenhagenconsensus.com. Copenhagen Consensus. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  7. ↑ "Bangladesh Economy Profile 2015". Index Mundi.
  8. ↑ "Employment Generation in Bangladesh". Daily Sun. Dhaka. 22 October 2012. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014.
  9. ↑ "Bangladesh". Forbes. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  10. ↑ "Bangladesh to reach US$ 60 billion export figure by 2021: Tofail Ahmed | Trade News Bangladsh". Apparel Resources. 21 March 2016. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  11. 1 2 "Bangladesh fiscal trade deficit balloons". Business Standard. New Delhi. IANS. 12 August 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
  12. ↑ "Sovereigns rating list". Standard & Poor's. Retrieved 26 May 2012. (registration required (help)).
  13. ↑ "Bangladesh forex reserves top $30bn". Gulf News. 28 June 2016. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
  14. ↑ "Bangladesh world's 2nd most pro-free market country". Dhaka Tribune. 1 November 2014.
  15. ↑ Devnath, Arun. "Record Exports Seen Rising as Bangladesh Woos U.S. Consumers". Bloomberg.com.
  16. ↑ "Largest limestone reserve discovered". The Daily Star. 4 June 2012.
  17. ↑ "Regional Transport Connectivity: Its current state". The Daily Star. 20 March 2013.
  18. ↑ "Mongla seaport to get railway link in 4 years". Dhaka Tribune. 19 May 2013.
  19. ↑ "Sub-regional connectivity in South Asia: Prospects and challenges". The Financial Express. 13 July 2013.
  20. ↑ "Bangladesh's per capita income $1,314". The Daily Star. 15 May 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Lawrence B. Lesser. "Historical Perspective". A Country Study: Bangladesh (James Heitzman and Robert Worden, editors). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (September 1988). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.About the Country Studies / Area Handbooks Program: Country Studies - Federal Research Division, Library of Congress
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Lawrence B. Lesser. "Economic Reconstruction after Independence". A Country Study: Bangladesh (James Heitzman and Robert Worden, editors). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (September 1988). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.About the Country Studies / Area Handbooks Program: Country Studies - Federal Research Division, Library of Congress
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 "Background Note: Bangladesh". Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs (March 2008). Accessed 11 June 2008. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  24. ↑ "Politics and managing the national economy: How to achieve sustainable economic growth". The Financial Express. Dhaka. 22 May 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
  25. 1 2 Rebecca Holmes, John Farrington, Taifur Rahman and Rachel Slater (2008) Extreme poverty in Bangladesh: Protecting and promoting rural livelihoods London: Overseas Development Institute Archived 22 July 2007 at WebCite
  26. ↑ Karim, Abdul (2012). "Muslin". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
  27. ↑ "Bangladesh to emerge as 'power house' in drug manufacturing". The Financial Express. Dhaka. 29 August 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
  28. ↑ "Shipbuilding prospects shine bright". The Daily Star. 3 March 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
  29. ↑ "Bangladesh IT industry going global". The Daily Star. 6 January 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
  30. ↑ "Leather industry aims to cross $1b exports". The Daily Star. 18 January 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
  31. ↑ "The prince of steel". The Daily Star. 19 December 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
  32. ↑ "Bangladesh can tap potential in electronics, ICT sectors". Daily Sun. 20 April 2013. Archived from the original on 1 September 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
  33. ↑ "Light engineering in limelight". The Daily Star. 8 January 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
  34. ↑ "Bangladesh looks to diversify". Dhaka Courier. 21 July 2012. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
  35. ↑ "Bangladesh Sept exports soar 36 pct on garment sales". Reuters. 9 October 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
  36. ↑ "China textile cos may go bankrupt". The Financial Express. New Delhi. 13 July 2010. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  37. 1 2 Bajaj, Vikas (16 July 2010). "Bangladesh, With Low Pay, Moves In on China". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  38. ↑ Yardley, Jim (23 August 2012). "Export Powerhouse Feels Pangs of Labor Strife". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
  39. 1 2 "Whispers to Voices: Gender and Social Transformation in Bangladesh" (PDF). Bangladesh Development Series, Paper No. 22. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. p. 57.
  40. 1 2 Siddiqi, Dina (2009). "Do Bangladeshi Factory Workers Need Saving?: Sisterhood in the Post-Sweatshop Era". Feminist Review. Palgrave Macmillan. 91 (1): 154–174. doi:10.1057/fr.2008.55. (subscription required (help)).
  41. 1 2 Khosla, Nidhi (2009). "The Ready-made Garments Industry in Bangladesh: A Means to Reducing Gender-based Social Exclusion of Women?". Journal of International Women's Studies. 11 (1): 289–303.
  42. ↑ "One dead after Bangladesh protest". BBC News. 23 May 2006.
  43. ↑ "Full blown RMG violence at Ashulia". The Financial Express. Dhaka. 22 June 2010. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  44. ↑ "Bangladesh garment workers reject 25 dollar minimum wage, to strike on Oct. 10". Hindustan Times. New Delhi. 6 October 2006. Retrieved 12 August 2015 – via HighBeam Research. (subscription required (help)).
  45. ↑ "All quiet on Ashulia front Case filed against 60,000 unidentified factory workers". The New Nation. Dhaka. 24 June 2010. Retrieved 12 August 2015 – via HighBeam Research. (subscription required (help)).
  46. ↑ "Bangladesh garment industry edging closer to wage deal?". just-style.com. 9 July 2010. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
  47. ↑ Bajaj, Vikas (28 July 2010). "Bangladesh Garment Workers Awarded Higher Pay". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
  48. ↑ "Shipbuilders seek working capital for 10 years". Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha (BSS). 9 May 2013.
  49. ↑ "Mozena sees bright future of shipbuilding industry". The Independent. Dhaka. 2 July 2013. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013.
  50. ↑ "Bangladesh shipbuilding goes for export growth". BBC News. 20 August 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  51. ↑ "Experts for promoting shipbuilding business", The Bangladesh Today, June 2013
  52. ↑ "Ship breaking in Bangladesh: Hard to break up". The Economist. 27 October 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
  53. ↑ Aaron Batten, Poullang Doung, Enerelt Enkhbold, Gemma Estrada, Jan Hansen, George Luarsabishvili, Md. Goland Mortaza, and Donghyun Park, 2015. The Financial Systems of Financially Less Developed Asian Economies: Key Features and Reform Priorities. ADB Economics Working Paper Series No. 450
  54. ↑ "Macroeconomic situation" (PDF). Ministry of Finance (Bangladesh). Retrieved 30 August 2013.
  55. ↑ "Bangladesh plans mass privatisations to cool stock market". Daily FT. Colombo, Sri Lanka. AFP. 14 November 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
  56. ↑ "Samsung wants plots in Bangladesh EPZs to set up electronics hub". Priyo. 27 June 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
  57. ↑ "Bangladesh 15th best investment destination". The Daily Star. 7 January 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
  58. 1 2 "Probe panel finds massive manipulation at Bangla stock market". India Times. 7 April 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
  59. ↑ "Sewing Thoughts: How to Realise Human Development Gains in the Post-Quota World" (PDF). United Nation Development Programme. April 2006.
  60. ↑ "BD eyes $15bn textile exports by 2011". Dawn. Karachi. 3 September 2006. Archived from the original on 8 July 2007.
  61. ↑ "Bangladesh Export Promotion Bureau". Bangladesh Export Promotion Bureau. Archived from the original on 4 July 2008.
  62. ↑ "addressing child labour in the Bangladesh garment industry 199". ILO. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
  63. ↑ "Export promotion Zone in the Sylhet region of Bangladesh demanded". Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha (BSS). 29 October 2002. Archived from the original on 12 November 2007.
  64. ↑ "World Bank". World Bank. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  65. ↑ Mahmud, Simeen; Sakiba Tasnee (2011). "The Under Reporting of Women's Economic Activity In Bangladesh: An Examination of Official Statistics". BRAC Development Institute.
  66. ↑ Hossain, Mohammad; Clement A. Tisdell (2005). "Closing the Gender Gap in Bangladesh: Inequality in Education, Employment and Earnings". International Journal of Social Economics. 32 (5): 439–453. doi:10.1108/03068290510591281.
  67. 1 2 Kabeer, Naila; Muhmud Simeen; Jairo Isaza (2012). "NGOs and the Political Empowerment of Poor People in Rural Bangladesh: Cultivating the Habits of Democracy?". World Development. 40 (10): 2044–2062. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.05.011.
  68. ↑ "Bangladesh Power Demand". Bangladesh Power Development Board. June 2012.
  69. ↑ "South Asia's Power Sector Relatively Unaffected by Global Financial Crisis, Says New Report". Energy Sector Management Assistance Program. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
  70. ↑ "Bangladesh no longer dependent on foreign aid". Khabar Southasia. 23 February 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
  71. ↑ "Bangladesh economy growth 'best in decades'". The Express Tribune. Karachi. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
  72. ↑ "Bangladesh grows - on remittances, exports". Bdnews24.com. 25 June 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
  73. ↑ "Remittance marks record inflow of $15bn in FY15". Dhaka Tribune. 3 July 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
  74. ↑ "Year in review: Bangladesh economy in 2015". bdnews24.com. 29 December 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 11/21/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.