List of Italians

This is a list of Italians, who are identified with the Italian nation through residential, legal, historical, or cultural means, grouped by their area of notability.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

Acting

Actors

Main article: List of Italian actors

Gino Cervi (1901–1974), actor and manager, known outside of Italy for his film portrayal of a small-town Communist mayor in the Don Camillo films
Roberto Benigni (born 1952), actor, comedian, screenwriter, director, known outside of Italy for directing and acting in the 1997 tragicomedy Life is Beautiful
Eduardo De Filippo (1900–1984), playwright and actor. In his scores of plays he combined pathos and farce
Manuel De Peppe (born 1970) actor, singer, arranger, music producer, composer, pianist, arranger.
Vittorio Gassman (1922–2000), film and theatre actor and director
Elio Germano (born 1980), actor who won the Best Actor Award at the Cannes Film Festival in 2010
Giancarlo Giannini (born 1942), actor and dubber, known for his powerful leads in Lina Wertmüller films, controversial tragicomedies that deal with sex and politics
Terence Hill (born 1939), actor, who became famous for playing in Italian western movies (also called spaghetti westerns) together with his friend and partner Bud Spencer
Nino Manfredi (1921–2004), actor, one of the most prominent in the commedia all'italiana genre
Marcello Mastroianni (1924–1996), actor who became the preeminent leading man in Italian cinema during the 1960s. He acted in more than 100 movies
Amedeo Nazzari (1907–1979), actor. He had a long and distinguished movie career, spanning four decades and including over 100 films
Alberto Sordi (1920–2003), actor. Depicted the vices, virtues, and foibles of post-World War II Italy in a long career of mostly comic films and was regarded as a national icon
Ugo Tognazzi (1922–1990), film and theatre actor
Totò (1898–1967), actor. Likened by international film critics to the American film comic Buster Keaton^[1]
Massimo Troisi (1953–1994), actor and director. Internationally, known for co-starring in Il Postino (1994)
Rudolph Valentino (1895–1926), actor, who was idolized as the "Great Lover" of the 1920s
Carlo Verdone (born 1950), actor, screenwriter and film director, specialized in comedies
Gian Maria Volontè (1933–1994), actor. Known outside of Italy for his roles in A Fistful of Dollars (1964) and For a Few Dollars More (1965)

Actresses

Main article: List of Italian actresses

Clara Calamai (1909–1998), actress. She is most remembered as the actress playing Carlo's mother, female lead in Luchino Visconti's Ossessione (1943)
Claudia Cardinale (born 1938), actress. Her films include 8½ (1963) and Once Upon a Time in the West (1968)
Eleonora Duse (1858–1924), the most fluent and expressive actress of her day, she was especially noted for her roles in Henrik Ibsen's plays^[2]
Virna Lisi (born 1936), one of the most famous Italian actresses. She has won Cannes and César awards.
Gina Lollobrigida (born 1927), actress. One of the first European sex symbols to emerge from the rubble of World War II
Sophia Loren (born 1934), actress. One of Italy's great 20th-century sex symbols
Anna Magnani (1908–1973), actress. In the United States, she was nominated twice for an Academy Award for best actress, winning the Oscar in 1955 for her role in The Rose Tattoo
Silvana Mangano (1930–1989), actress, known for the critically acclaimed 1949 film, Bitter Rice
Mariangela Melato (1941–2013), actress known for her work in Lina Wertmüller movies
Sandra Milo (born 1935), actress. Some of her more prestigious credits include Rossellini's General della Rovere (1959) and Fellini's 8½ (1963) and Juliet of the Spirits (1965)
Alida Valli (1921–2006), actress, had roles in more than 100 films. Internationally known for her turn as Anna Schmidt in The Third Man (1949)
Monica Vitti (born 1931), actress. Awards: three Nastro d'Argento Awards, nine David di Donatello Awards, and four Italian Golden Grails
Monica Bellucci (born 30 September 1964), actress and fashion model
Asia Argento (born 20 September 1975) actress, singer, model, and director
Ornella Muti (born 9 March 1955) actress, she made her English-speaking film debut as Princess Aura in Flash Gordon in 1980. American movies she appeared in include Oscar (1991) and Once Upon a Crime (1992).
Valeria Golino (born 22 October 1966) film and television actress. Known to English language audiences for the 1988 film Rain Man, and the Hot Shots! films. She has won the David di Donatello, Silver Ribbon, and Coppa Volpi awards.
Chiara Caselli (born 22 December 1967), actress.

Architects

Main article: List of Italian architects

Ancient Rome

Cocceius Auctus (1st century BC and 1st century AD), Roman architect during the age of Augustus (27 BC – 14 AD)
Hyginus Gromaticus (1st and 2nd centuries AD), Roman surveyor under the reign of Trajan (98–117 AD)
Lucius Vitruvius Cordo, Roman architect; known for his work Arco dei Gavi (built in the 1st century AD)
Rabirius (1st and 2nd centuries AD), Roman architect active during the reign of Domitian (81–96 AD)
Vitruvius (late 1st century BC and early 1st century AD), Roman writer, architect and engineer noted for his book De architectura (25 BC); one of the most influential works on architecture in history

Middle Ages

Guglielmo Agnelli (c. 1238–1313), sculptor and architect. He built the campanile of the Badia a Settimo, near Florence
Pietro Baseggio (14th century), architect and sculptor. In 1361, he was named superintendent of construction for the Doge's palace
Bartolomeo Bon (died after 1464), sculptor and architect. Among his works may be cited the famous Gothic Ca' d'Oro (1424–1430) and the marble door of the church of Frari
Jacopo Celega (d. before 30 March 1386), architect. Around 1330 he took over construction of the church of Frari
Diotisalvi (12th century), architect. He is well known to be the original architect of Baptistry of Pisa (1152)
Maginardo (fl. 1006–1032), architect active in the Diocese of Arezzo
Lorenzo Maitani (c. 1275–1330), architect and sculptor primarily responsible for the construction and decoration of the facade of Orvieto Cathedral^[3]

Humanism and the Renaissance

Leon Battista Alberti (1404–1472), artist, architect and theoretician. In 1452, wrote De Re Aedificatoria; was the first architectural treatise of the Renaissance
Galeazzo Alessi (1512–1572), architect. His main works are the church Santa Maria Assunta di Carignano (1552), the Marino Palace (started in 1557) and the Parodi Palace (1567)
Antonio da Sangallo the Elder (c. 1453–1534), architect. He executed, under the influence of Bramante, the magnificent Church of the Madonna di San Biagio (1518–consecrated 1529)
Antonio da Sangallo the Younger (1484–1546), architect. He designed the Palazzo Farnese in Rome (1534–46); a fortresslike Florentine-style palace
Donato Bramante (1444–1514), architect. Under the patronage of Pope Julius II, he drew up the new St. Peter's Basilica (begun 1506)
Filippo Brunelleschi (1377–1446), architect. His major work is the dome of the Florence Cathedral (1420–36)
Bernardo Buontalenti (c. 1531–1608), architect, engineer, designer, painter and inventor. He was one of the great Renaissance polymaths^[4]
Giacomo della Porta (c. 1533–1602), architect whose work represents the development in style from late Mannerism to early Baroque
Giovanni Maria Falconetto (1468–1535), architect and painter. Examples of his work include the Porta San Giovanni (1528) and the Porta Savonarola (1530), two gates to the city of Padua
Filarete (c. 1400–c. 1469), architect, sculptor and writer. He wrote an important treatise, Libro architettonico (1464), defending the principles of ancient architecture
Domenico Fontana (1543–1607), architect who worked on St. Peter's Basilica and other famous buildings of Rome and Naples
Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola (1507–1573), architect. His finest productions are the Villa Farnese, near Viterbo, for Cardinal Alessandro Farnese and Villa Giulia for Pope Julius III in Rome
Francesco di Giorgio (1439–1502), architect and theoretician. His Trattato di architettura, ingegneria e arte militare (1482) is one of the most important documents of Renaissance architectural
Giuliano da Maiano (c. 1432–1490), architect; made an important contribution to spreading the Renaissance style to Southern Italy
Giuliano da Sangallo (c. 1443–1516), sculptor, architect and military engineer; designed the Church of Santa Maria delle Carceri (1485) at Prato and palaces in Florence
Luciano Laurana (c. 1420–1479), principal designer of the Palazzo Ducale at Urbino and one of the main figures in 15th-century Italian architecture^[5]
Pirro Ligorio (c. 1510–1583), architect, painter, antiquarian and garden designer, known for his designs for the Casina of Pio IV in the Vatican and his gardens for the Villa d'Este at Tivoli
Michelozzo (1396–1472), architect and sculptor; designed the Palazzo Medici Riccardi in Florence, which set the standard for Renaissance palace architecture in Tuscany for the next century^[6]
Andrea Palladio (1508–1580), architect and theoretician. His treatise I quattro libri dell’architettura (1570) made him the most influential person in the history of Western architecture
Baldassare Peruzzi (1481–1536), architect and painter. His outstanding architectural works are the Villa Farnesina (1506–1510) and the Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne (1535) in Rome
Michele Sanmicheli (1484–1559), architect, especially noted for his original treatment of military fortifications
Jacopo Sansovino (1486–1570), sculptor and architect. His Library of St. Mark's (begun 1537) is one of the major architectural works of the 16th century
Vincenzo Scamozzi (1552–1616), architect and theoretician, author of one of the most comprehensive Renaissance treatises, the six-volume L’Idea dell’Architettura Universale (1615)^[7]
Sebastiano Serlio (1475–1554), architect and theoretician. He is remembered primarily for his treatise Tutte l'opere d'architettura et prospetiva (eight books, 1537–75)

Baroque

Francesco Borromini (1599–1667), architect. His buildings include the churches of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane (1638–1641) and Sant'Ivo alla Sapienza (1642–1660)
Cosimo Fanzago (1591–1678), architect and sculptor. He became the most important exponent of Baroque architecture in Naples
Carlo Fontana (1634/1638–1714), architect. His accomplished academic style influenced important architects, such as James Gibbs, Fischer von Erlach and the German baroque architects
Rosario Gagliardi (1698–1762), architect. He was one of the leading architects working in the Sicilian Baroque
Guarino Guarini (1624–1683), architect. He was one of the first to analyze with perceptivity the structure of medieval architecture, in his treatise Architettura Civile (published posthumously in 1737)
Filippo Juvarra (1678–1736), architect, draughtsman and designer. He was arguably the most gifted architect of his time in Italy
Baldassarre Longhena (1598–1682), architect. His masterpiece was the Church of Santa Maria della Salute (1631–1687) at the entrance to the Grand Canal in Venice
Carlo Maderno (1556–1629), architect. His works reflect the transition from early to high baroque. From 1603, directed the construction of St. Peter's Basilica
Pietro da Cortona (1596–1669), architect, painter and decorator. His architectural accomplishment include the Church of Santi Luca e Martina in Rome (1634)
Carlo Rainaldi (1611–1691), architect. His masterpiece was the Church of Santa Maria in Campitelli (1663–67)
Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli (1700–1771), architect who defined the high baroque style in Russia under the reigns of Anna (1730–1740) and Elizabeth Petrovna (1741–1762)
Nicola Salvi (1697–1751), architect whose late Roman Baroque masterpiece is the Trevi Fountain in Rome
Giovanni Battista Vaccarini (1702–1768), architect, worked in the Sicilian Baroque style
Luigi Vanvitelli (1700–1773), architect. His masterpiece was the Palace of Caserta (1752–74)

Neoclassicism

Nicola Bettoli (1780–1854), architect, known as the designer of the Neoclassicist Teatro Regio of that city, for Duches Marie Louise (1821)
Luigi Cagnola (1762–1833), architect, whose work influenced later generations of Italian architects
Luigi Canina (1795–1856), archaeologist and architect. He was important as a protagonist of archaeologically correct Neoclassicism in Rome
Antonio Corazzi (1792–1877), architect. He designed a number of imposing public buildings in Warsaw, the capital of Poland
Alessandro Galilei (1691–1737), architect. He designed the façades of Basilica of St. John Lateran (1733–35) and San Giovanni dei Fiorentini (1734)
Giacomo Leoni (1686–1746), architect, he spent most of his life in England. It is arguable that he was more influenced by than influencing British architecture
Giuseppe Venanzio Marvuglia (1729–1814), architect. His most extraordinary building is La Favorita (Casina Cinese 1799–1802)
Giovanni Battista Piranesi (1720–1778), engraver and architect, known for his grandiose architectural constructions
Giacomo Quarenghi (1744–1817), architect and painter, known as the builder of numerous works in Russia during and immediately after the reign of Catherine II the Great^[8]
Carlo Rossi (1775–1849), architect, who worked the major portion of his life in Russia
Francesco Sabatini (1722–1797), architect, who worked in Spain
Giuseppe Valadier (1762–1839), architect, urban planner, designer and writer. He was one of the most important exponents of international Neoclassicism in central Italy

The 1900s

Franco Albini (1905–1977), architect, urban planner and designer. His work was various and eclectic, and reflected the independence of Italian designs from the tyrannies of Modernist orthodoxy
Carlo Aymonino (1926–2010), architect. He received award Honorary Fellow from the American Institute of Architect in 2000. Between his works, we find: Palazzo di Giustizia (1977) and the IMA project (Progetto IMA, 1982) in Ferrara and the Colosso in Rome (1982–1984)
Ernesto Basile (1857–1932), architect, teacher and designer. An exponent of modernism and Art Nouveau
Achille Castiglioni (1918–2002), architect and designer. He won the Compasso d'Oro, Italy's top prize for industrial design, nine times
Giancarlo De Carlo (1919–2005), architect, member of CIAM and Team 10. Known for his works at the Free University of Urbino (1973–9 and later)
Ignazio Gardella (1905–1999), architect, designer, race car driver and aircraft. He received numeros awards, including: the National Award for Architecture Olivetti (1955), the Gold Medal of the President of the Republic to the Merit of the School of Culuture and Art (1977), the Golden Lion Lifetime Achievement at the Venice Biennale (1966), the titles of honorary member of the RIBA (Royal Institute of British Architects)
Adalberto Libera (1903–1963), architect. One of the most representative architects of the Italian Modern movement
Alessandro Mendini (born 1931), designer and architect. His work is represented in museums and private collections all over the world. He won the Compasso d'Oro (1979 and 1982)
Giovanni Michelucci (1891–1990), architect, urban planner and engraver. A key figure in the progress and advancement of contemporary Italian architecture during the 20th century
Carlo Mollino (1905–1973), architect, designer, race car driver and aircraft. Rinnovation of most famous work are: the Chamber of Commerce building and the new Royal Theatre in Turin
Luigi Moretti (1907–1973), architect. One of the most important Italian architects of the 20th century
Giovanni Muzio (1893–1982), architect. He was the most influential member of the group of Italian architects associated with the Novecento Italiano
Marcello Piacentini (1881–1960), architect and urban theorist most closely associated with Italy's fascist government
Renzo Piano (born 1937), architect, known for his design (with Richard Rogers) for the Centre Georges Pompidou (1971–1977) in Paris awarded by Pritzker Prize especially for the technology
Giò Ponti (1891–1979), architect and designer associated with the development of modern architecture and modern industrial design in Italy
Paolo Portoghesi (born 1931), architect and architectural historian. He became known as the creator of the original and significant Casa Baldi (1959) on the Via Flaminia, north of Rome
Aldo Rossi (1931–1997), architect and theoretician. His book The Architecture of the City (1966) is a classic of modern architectural theory. He was awarded the 1990 Pritzker Prize
Giuseppe Samonà (1898–1983), architect and urban planner. One of the most important Italian architects of the 20th century
Antonio Sant'Elia (1888–1916), architect. Associated with the movement known as Futurism; known for his visionary drawings of the city of the future
Carlo Scarpa (1906–1978), architect. Among his works may be cited the Palazzo Foscari (1935–1956) and Castelvecchio Museum (1956–1964)
Ettore Sottsass (1917–2007), architect and designer. He is internationally known as one of the initiators of the renewal of design and architecture^[9]
Manfredo Tafuri (1935–1994), architect, art historian and theorist. Known for his critical essays for Oppositions magazine (1970), published under the guidance of Peter Eisenman
Giuseppe Terragni (1904–1943), architect. He was primarily associated with Rationalism and Gruppo 7. His Casa del Fascio (1932–6) is regarded as his finest work
Vittorio Gregotti (born 1927), architect, designer and writer.. Between his work, we find: Cultural Center Bélem, Lisbon (1998) and Sede Pirelli Sede Pirelli RE Bicocca in Milan (1985)
Mario Bellini (born 1935), architect and designer. He won eight times Compasso d'Oro and the Gold Medal of Civic Merit of the city of Milan
Andrea Branzi (born 1938), architect, designer and theorist, founder of the collective Archizoom Associates and promoter of the Italian Radical Architecture movement. He collaborated with many architectural magazines, such as "Interni", "Domus" and "Casabella", among others.
Stefano Boeri (born 1956), architect and editor, founder of the research group "Multiplicity", former aditor-in-chief of the magazines "Abitare" and "Domus". Boeri has recently been appointed to the 2015 Milan Expo urban consultancy in charge of developing the guidelines for the urban transformations to be implemented within the frame of the international event.
Marco Visconti (born 1957), architect. Between his works we find: Stabilimento SATA Fiat Melfi (1991–1993), Centro servizi per i dipendenti e ristorante Ferrari (Maranello 2005–2008)

Chefs and gastronomists

Main article: List of Italian chefs

Martino da Como (c. 1430–late 15th century), "Prince of cooks", considered the western world's first celebrity chef. His book Libro de Arte Coquinaria (1465) was a benchmark for Italian cuisine and laid the ground for European gastronomic tradition
Pellegrino Artusi (1820–1911) writer and gastronomist, credited with establishing a truly national Italian cuisine. His La scienza in cucina e l'arte di mangiare bene (1891) was the first gastronomic treatise comprising all regions of united Italy
Carlo Petrini (born 1949), politician, writer and gastronomist. Taking part in a campaign against the McDonald’s chain and a busy daily routine, he founded the worldwide influential Slow Food movement in 1986.

Engineers

Enrico Bernardi (1841–1919), engineer and one of Italian automobile pioneers. Inventor of the "Pia Engine", the first petrol engine
Giovanni Branca (1571–1645), engineer and architect who provided the first known description of a steam turbine (1629)
Matteo Campani-Alimenis (1620–1678), engineer, mechanician and natural philosopher. Inventor of the Magic lantern (1678)
Secondo Campini (1904–1980), engineer, one of the pioneers of the jet engine
Alessandro Capra (born 1620, date of death unknown), engineer and mathematician. Inventor of the first speedometer for coaches (1678)
Giovanni Battista Caproni (1886–1957), aeronautical engineer, civil engineer, electrical engineer, and aircraft designer who founded an aircraft-manufacturing company bearing his name (1908)
Mario Castoldi (1888–1968), aeronautical engineer who designed the renown Macchi MC.200, Macchi MC.202 and Macchi MC.205 World War II Italian fighter airplanes
Bernard Castro (1904–1991), industrial engineer. Inventor of the modern convertible couch
Ettore Bugatti (1881–1947), automobile engineer, entrepreneur, designer and inventor, founded the legendary automaker company Bugatti (1909)
Leonardo Chiariglione (born 1953), electrical engineer, inventor and co-founder of the Moving Pictures Experts Group (MPEG). He led a team that set the universal standards for digital audio and video, such as the mpeg and the mp3^[10]^[11]
Luigi Negrelli (1799–1858), civil and hydraulic engineer; designed several bridges and railways in the Austrian Empire and well beyond, known for planning and designing the Suez Canal.^[12]
Corradino D'Ascanio (1891–1981), aeronautical engineer. Inventor of motor scooter (Vespa in 1946)
Luigi Emanueli (1883–1959), engineer. Inventor of oil-filled cable (1924)
Lorenzo Allievi (1856–1941), hydraulic engineer, best known for his studies on the water hammer problem
Federico Faggin (born 1941), physicist, engineer, credited with developing the Self Aligned MOS Silicon Gate Technology, co-invented and designed the world's first microprocessor, the Intel 4004 (1970–1971)^[13]
Enrico Forlanini (1848–1930), engineer and aeronautical pioneer. Inventor of the helicopter (1877) and hydrofoil (1900)
Francesco Lana de Terzi (1631–1687), Jesuit, mathematician, and naturalist. Called the father of aeronautics for his pioneering efforts
Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519), artist, engineer, and scientist. Perhaps no one in history achieved so much in so many different fields^[14]^[15]
Giovanni Luppis (1813–1875), engineer and officer, co-inventor with Robert Whitehead, of the torpedo (1860)
Felice Matteucci (1808–1887), hydraulic engineer, co-inventor with Eugenio Barsanti, of the internal combustion engine (1854)
Antonio Meucci (1808–1889), chemical and mechanical engineer. Inventor of the telephone (1871)
Riccardo Morandi (1902–1989) engineer. He designed the Ponte Vespucci in Florence. the Viaduct Polcevera the A10 Genova-Ventimiglia and the Salone dell'Automobile in Turin
Pier Luigi Nervi (1891–1979) engineer, specialized in civil. He collaborated with international architects, including Le Corbusier e Louis Kahn. His most famous work: Aula delle Udienze Pontificie in Vaticano, known as Aula Nervi
Camillo Olivetti (1868–1943), electrical engineer, founder of Olivetti
Pier Giorgio Perotto (1930–2002), electrical engineer and inventor, working for Olivetti he designed and built the world"s first personal computer, the Programma 101, launched at the 1964 New York World's Fair^[16]^[17]
Giovanni Battista Piatti (1812–1867), civil engineer. Inventor of the pneumatic rock-drilling machine
Ignazio Porro (1801–1875), engineer and optician, invented Porro prism binocular (1875)
Agostino Ramelli (1531–1600), engineer, invented the hydraulic motor (1588)
Raffaele Rossetti (1881–1951), engineer and military naval officer, creator of the first human torpedo
Germain Sommeiller (1815–1871), civil engineer. He directed the construction of the Fréjus Rail Tunnel between France and Italy; introduced the first industrial pneumatic drill for tunnel digging
Juanelo Turriano (c. 1500–1585), clockmaker, engineer and mathematician. He built the Artificio de Juanelo

Explorers

Main article: List of Italian explorers

António de Noli (1415/1419–c. 1497), explorer for Portugal. Discovered some of the Cape Verde islands in 1460
Giovanni Battista Belzoni (1778–1823), explorer, engineer, and amateur archaeologist, often regarded as one of the first Egyptologists
John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto) (c. 1450–c. 1499), explorer for England. In the summer of 1497, he crossed the Atlantic and discovered the mainland of North America
Sebastian Cabot (Sebastiano Caboto) (c. 1476–1557), cartographer and explorer for England and Spain, he explored the Río de la Plata, the Paraná River and discovered the lower section of the Paraguay River.
Christopher Columbus (Cristoforo Colombo) (1451–1506), explorer for Spain. Born in Genua. In Italian language "Cristoforo Colombo". Sailed in 1492 and discovered the "New World" of the Americas
Henri de Tonti (1649/1650–1704), explorer for France. Founded the first European settlement in the lower Mississippi River Valley in 1686^[18]
Giovanni da Pian del Carpine (c. 1180–1252), Franciscan friar, first noteworthy European traveller in the Mongol Empire^[19]
Giovanni da Verrazzano (1485–1528), explorer for France. First European to sight New York and Narragansett bays
Alessandro Malaspina (1754–1810), nobleman who spent most of his life as a Spanish naval officer and explorer
Umberto Nobile (1885–1978), engineer and Arctic explorer. The first man to fly over the North Pole
Antonio Pigafetta (c. 1491–c. 1534), navigator and writer who accompanied Magellan in the first expedition of circumnavigation of the world
Marco Polo (c. 1254–1324), explorer and merchant, famous for his travels in central Asia and China
Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza (1852–1905), explorer for France. Famous for having added an area three times the size of France to the French empire in Africa
Simonetta Vespucci (c. 1453–26 April 1476), nicknamed la bella Simonetta, Italian Renaissance noblewoman from Genoa
Amerigo Vespucci (1454–1512), explorer. Discovered the Amazon river in South America. The name for the Americas is derived from his given name
Romolo Gessi (1831–1881) explorer and soldier. He led numerous expeditions for the British in Africa, especially Sudan and the Nile River, freeing 30,000 slaves from bondage

Fictional characters

Filmmakers

Main article: List of film directors from Italy

Filoteo Alberini (1865–1937), film director, one of the pioneers of cinema; devised the wide screen movies (1914)
Gianni Amelio (born 1945), film director. He achieved international fame with The Stolen Children (winner of the Grand Jury Prize at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival)
Michelangelo Antonioni (1912–2007), film director. His most successful motion pictures internationally were L'avventura (1960) and Blow-up (1966)
Dario Argento (born 1940), film director, producer and screenwriter. Films include The Bird with the Crystal Plumage (1970), Deep Red (1975) and Suspiria (1977)
Pupi Avati (born 1938), film director, producer and screenwriter. Some of his most successful films were Impiegati (1985), Christmas Present (1986) and The Last Minute (1987)
Marco Bellocchio (born 1939), film director, screenwriter and actor. Known for his debut film Fists in the Pocket (1965)
Roberto Benigni (born 1952), film director and actor. One of the most popular comics of Italian cinema; in 1997 he wrote, directed and starred in the international hit Life is Beautiful
Bernardo Bertolucci (born 1940), film director and screenwriter. Last Tango in Paris (1972) brought him international fame
Luigi Comencini (1916–2007), film director. Leading figure in Italian cinema; known for his film Bread, Love and Dreams (1953)
Giuseppe De Santis (1917–1997), film director; known for his direction of Bitter Rice (1949), considered the first successful Neorealist film
Vittorio De Seta (born 1923), film director. He made nine such short documentaries over the decade and in 1960 made his feature film directorial debut with the acclaimed Banditi a Orgosolo
Vittorio De Sica (1901–1974), film director and actor. His Shoeshine (1946), The Bicycle Thief (1948), and Umberto D. (1952) are classics of postwar Italian neorealism^[20]
Ruggero Deodato (born 1939), film director, actor and screenwriter. Creator of one of the most infamous splatter films of all time, 1979's neo-realist Amazonian nightmare Cannibal Holocaust
Federico Fellini (1920–1993), film director. Won Oscars for La Strada (1954), Le Notti di Cabiria (1957), 8 1/2 (1963) and Amarcord (1973); one of the 20th century's most influential movie directors
Marco Ferreri (1928–1997), film director. known film is La Grande Bouffe (1973).
Lucio Fulci (1927–1996), film director, screenwriter and actor, known for his directorial work on gore films, including Zombi 2 (1979) and The Beyond (1981).
Matteo Garrone (born 1968), film director; known for his film Gomorrah (2008)
Pietro Germi (1914–1974), film director and actor. The film Divorce Italian Style (1961) was a huge worldwide box-office hit which earned him an Oscar for best screenplay
Alberto Lattuada (1914–2005), film director. Was a major figure in Italian cinema of the period after World War II. Known for co-directing with Fellini on his first film, Variety Lights (1950)
Sergio Leone (1929–1989), film director. He is mostly associated with the "Spaghetti Western" genre, especially the dollar trilogy; one of the most influential directors of his generation
Mario Monicelli (1915–2010), film director. One of the masters of the Commedia all'Italiana
Nanni Moretti (born 1953), film director. He is known for his films Caro diario (1993) and The Son's Room (2001)
Ermanno Olmi (born 1931), film director; known for his internationally successful The Tree of Wooden Clogs (1978)
Ferzan Özpetek (born 1959), film director and screenwriter. Film include The Ignorant Fairies (2001) and Facing Windows (2003)
Pier Paolo Pasolini (1922–1975), film director and writer. His films include Mamma Roma (1962), The Gospel According to St. Matthew (1964), Oedipus Rex (1967) and Teorema (1968)
Giovanni Pastrone (1883–1959), film director and producer. He conceived a colossal film designed to revolutionize movie-making, a goal he realized with Cabiria (1914)^[21]
Elio Petri (1929–1982), film director and screenwriter. Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion (1970), is generally considered his masterpiece
Gillo Pontecorvo (1919–2006), film director; known for authoring The Battle of Algiers (1966)
Francesco Rosi (born 1922), film director; known for his masterpiece Salvatore Giuliano (1962)
Roberto Rossellini (1906–1977), film director. His films Rome, Open City (1945) and Paisà (1946) focussed international attention on the Italian Neorealist movement in films^[22]
Gabriele Salvatores (born 1950), film director and screenwriter; known for his film Mediterraneo (1991)
Michele Soavi (born 1957), film director; known for his film Cemetery Man (1994)
Silvio Soldini (born 1958), film director, known films we find Bread and Tulips (1999) and Agata e la tempesta (2004)
Paolo Sorrentino (born 1970), film director and screenwriter. He is known for his film The Consequences of Love (2004)
Paolo and Vittorio Taviani (born 1931 and 1929), have directed together several successful movies. Among those are: Padre Padrone (1977), The Night of the Shooting Stars (1982) and Kaos (1984)
Giuseppe Tornatore (born 1956), film director, known for his masterpiece Cinema Paradiso (1988)
Luchino Visconti (1906–1976), film and theatre director; called the father of neorealism for his early films Ossessione (1943) and La terra trema (1948)
Lina Wertmüller (born 1928), film director. She achieved international fame with The Seduction of Mimi (1972), a satire on sexual hypocrisy, and Love and Anarchy (1973)
Franco Zeffirelli (born 1923), film director. Among his major films are three Shakespeare adaptations: The Taming of the Shrew (1967), Romeo and Juliet (1968) and Hamlet (1990)
Valerio Zurlini (1926–1982), film director, stage director and screenwriter. He is well known for his internationally successful Estate Violenta (1959)

Illustrators

Leonetto Cappiello (1875–1942), poster art designer. He has been called the father of modern advertising^[23]
Adolfo de Carolis (1874–1928), painter, illustrator and wood-engraver
Onofrio Catacchio (born 1964), cartoonist
Max Crivello (born 1958), illustrator and cartoonist
Gabriele Dell'Otto (born 1973), illustrator and author whose works have been published around the world
Franco Donatelli (1924–1995), comic artist and illustrator
Virginio Livraghi, comic strip illustrator
Enrico Mazzanti (1850–1910), engineer and cartoonist, who illustrated the first edition of Pinocchio
Bartolomeo Pinelli (1781–1835), illustrator and engraver. He illustrated in his figures the costumes of the Italian peoples, the great epic poems and numerous other subjects

Military and political figures

Etruscan civilization

Mezentius, legendary Etruscan king who reigned at Caere and fought against Aeneas
Lars Porsena (6th century BC), legendary Etruscan king, alleged to have besieged Rome in a vain attempt to reinstate Tarquinius Superbus on the throne
Lars Tolumnius (died 428 BC), the most famous king of the wealthy Etruscan city-state of Veii

Ancient Rome

Main articles: List of Roman Emperors, List of Roman dictators, List of Roman generals, and List of Roman consuls

Scipio Aemilianus (185 BC–129 BC), Roman general famed both for his exploits during the Third Punic War (149–146 BC) and for his subjugation of Spain (134–133 BC)^[24]
Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (c. 89 or 88 BC–late 13 or early 12 BC), Roman statesman, one of the triumvirs who ruled Rome after 43 BC
Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus (c. 229 BC–160 BC), Roman general whose victory over the Macedonians at Pydna ended the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BC)
Scipio Africanus (235 BC–183 BC), Roman general, known for defeating Hannibal in the final battle of Zama. One of the great military minds of all times^[25]
Mark Antony (83 BC–30 BC), Roman politician and general
Marcus Atilius Regulus (fl. 3rd century BC), Roman general and statesman
Augustus (63 BC–AD 14), first and among the most important of the Roman Emperors. One of the great administrative geniuses of history^[26]
Marcus Aurelius (121–180), Roman emperor, has symbolized for many generations in the West the Golden Age of the Roman Empire^[27]
Lucius Junius Brutus (545 BC–509 BC), Roman consul, traditional founder of the Roman Republic
Marcus Junius Brutus the Younger (85 BC–42 BC), Roman politician, leader of the conspirators who assassinated Julius Caesar (44 BC)
Julius Caesar (100 BC–44 BC), Roman statesman and general, famous for the conquest of Gaul. A figure of genius and audacity equaled by few in history^[28]
Marcus Furius Camillus (c. 446 BC–365 BC), Roman soldier and statesman
Catiline (108 BC–62 BC), Roman politician
Cato the Elder (234 BC–149 BC), Roman statesman, orator and the first Latin prose writer of importance^[29]
Cato the Younger (95 BC–46 BC), Roman politician and statesman in the late Roman Republic
Cicero (106 BC–43 BC), Roman statesman, scholar, writer and orator.
Cincinnatus (519 BC–438 BC), Roman politician
Appius Claudius Caecus (fl. 3rd century BC), outstanding statesman, legal expert, and author of early Rome^[30]
Marcus Claudius Marcellus (c. 268 BC–208 BC), Roman general who captured Syracuse during the Second Punic War (218–201)^[31]
Publius Clodius Pulcher (c. 93 BC–52 BC), a disruptive politician, head of a band of political thugs, and bitter enemy of Cicero in late republican Rome
Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus (?–c. 280 BC), consul in 298 BC. He defeated the Etruscans at Volaterrae and afterwards fought against the Samnites
Lucius Cornelius Sulla (c. 138 BC–78 BC), Roman general and statesman
Manius Curius Dentatus (?–270 BC), Roman general. As consul led the Romans to victory over the Samnites and defeated Pyrrhus of Epirus near Beneventum (275 BC)
Gaius Duilius (fl. 3rd century BC), Roman commander who won a major naval victory over the Carthaginians during the First Punic War (264–241 BC)
Germanicus (15 BC–AD 19), Roman general who avenged the defeat sustained by Varus (AD 9), defeating Arminius at Idistaviso on the Weser (AD 16)
Gaius Gracchus (154 BC–121 BC), Roman politician
Marcus Licinius Crassus (c. 115 BC–53 BC), Roman general and politician
Lucullus (c. 117 BC–57/56 BC), Roman general who fought Mithradates VI Eupator of Pontus from 74 to 66 BC^[32]
Gaius Maecenas (70 BC–8 BC), Roman diplomat, counsellor to the Roman emperor Augustus
Gaius Marius (157 BC–86 BC), Roman general and politician
Fabius Maximus (c. 280 BC–203 BC), Roman politician and general, famous for having invented the guerrilla warfare (method of combat in 217 BC)
Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus (c. 229 BC–160 BC), Roman general whose victory over the Macedonians at Pydna ended the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BC)^[33]
Pontius Pilate (16 BC–AD 36), Roman politician, famous primarily as a crucial character in the New Testament account of Jesus
Antoninus Pius (86–161), Roman emperor, mild-mannered and capable, he was the fourth of the five good emperors"^[34]
Pompey (106 BC–48 BC), Roman military and political leader of the late Roman Republic
Titus Quinctius Flamininus (c. 229 BC–174 BC), Roman general and statesman who established the Roman hegemony over Greece^[35]
Quintus Sertorius (c. 126 BC–73 BC), one of the most able Roman generals, who displayed a particular genius for leading armies of irregulars^[36]
Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa (63 BC–12 BC), Roman statesman and general; he was long honored by the Roman military as the inventor of the Harpax

Roman Catholic Church

Main article: List of popes

Pope Adrian I (c. 700–795), pope from 772 to 795; his pontificate was unequalled in length by that of any successor of Saint Peter until a thousand years later
Pope Agapetus I (?–536), of noble birth, he was an archdeacon at the time of his election (May 13, 535)^[37]
Pope Alexander III (c. 1100/1105–1181), Pope from 1159 to 1181. He is remembered for the long-standing dispute with the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I
Ambrose (337 or 340–397), bishop of Milan; one of the most influential ecclesiastical figures of the 4th century; he was also the teacher of Saint Augustine
Augustine of Canterbury (?–604), Benedictine monk and the first Archbishop of Canterbury. He is considered the "Apostle to the English" and a founder of the English Church
Benedict of Nursia (c. 480–c. 547), father of Western monasticism; the rule that he established became the norm for monastic living throughout Europe^[38]
Pope Benedict V (?–966), pope, or antipope, from May 22, 964, to June 23, 964, when he was deposed
Pope Boniface VIII (c. 1235–1303), issued in 1302, the famous bull Unam sanctam (pushing papal supremacy to its historical extreme)
Pope Celestine I (?–432), pope from 422 to 432
Pope Celestine V (1215–1296), pope from July 5 to December 13, 1294, the first pontiff to abdicate. He founded the Celestine order^[39]
Peter Damian (c. 1007–1072), cardinal and Doctor of the Church. He was an original leader and a forceful figure in the Gregorian Reform movement
Pope Gregory I (c. 540–604), founder" of the medieval papacy, which exercised both secular and spiritual power;^[40] he is considered one of the great Latin Fathers of the Church
Pope Gregory II (669–731), greatly encouraged the Christianizing of Germany by SS; the Donation of Sutri (728) is considered the constitutive act of the Papal States
Pope Gregory VII (c. 1015/1028–1085), one of the great reforming popes; known for the part he played in the Investiture Controversy
John Gualbert (985 or 995–1073), Roman Catholic saint. The founder of the Vallumbrosan Order
Pope Honorius I (?–638), pope from 625 to 638 whose posthumous condemnation as a heretic subsequently caused extensive controversy on the question of papal infallibility^[41]
Pope Honorius III (?–1227), often considered one of the great administrators in papal history^[42]
Pope Innocent III (1160–1216), during his reign, the papacy was at the height of its powers
Pope John II (?–535), pope from 533 to 535. He was the first pontiff to change his original name, which he considered pagan, assuming the name of the martyred Saint John I (523–526)^[43]
Pope John VIII (?–?), often considered one of the ablest pontiffs of the 9th century
Pope John XIX (?–1032), pope from 1024 to 1032
Pope Leo I (c. 400–461), pope from 440 to 461, master exponent of papal supremacy^[44]
Pope Leo III (750–816), known for crowning Charlemagne as the first Holy Roman Emperor
Pope Liberius (?–366), pope from 352 to 366
Matilda of Tuscany (1046–1115), noblewoman. She was a strong supporter of the papacy during the Investiture Controversy
Pope Nicholas I (c. 800–867), pope from 858 to 867, master theorist of papal power, considered to have been the most forceful of the early medieval pontiffs^[45]
Paulinus of Nola (353–431), bishop of Nola and one of the most important Christian Latin poets of his time. He is also the inventor of church bells
Romuald (c. 950–1025/1027), Christian ascetic who founded the Camaldolese Benedictines (Hermits)
Pope Sergius I (?–701), pope from 687 to 701, one of the most important 7th-century pontiffs^[46]
Pope Stephen II (715–757), pope from 752 to 757. He severed ties with the Byzantine Empire and thus became the first temporal sovereign of the newly founded Papal States^[47]
Pope Sylvester I (?–335), one of the most illustrious popes of his age; after his death, became a major figure of legend
Pope Symmachus (?–514), pope from 498 to 514

Renaissance

Main article: House of Medici

Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence (1510–1537), the first duke of Florence (1532–37)^[48]
Catherine de' Medici (1519–1589), Queen of France
Cosimo de' Medici (1389–1464), founder of the Medici political dynasty
Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1519–1574), second duke of Florence (1537–74) and first grand duke of Tuscany (1569–74)^[49]
Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1549–1609), grand duke of Tuscany from 1587 to 1609
Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1541–1587), second grand duke of Tuscany, ruling from 1574 to 1587
Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici (1360–1429), restored the family fortune and made the Medici family the wealthiest in Europe
Lorenzo de' Medici (1449–1492), leader of Florence during the Golden Age of the Renaissance; patron of arts and letters, the most brilliant of the Medici
Marie de' Medici (1575–1642), Queen and Regent of France who was a harsh opponent of Protestantism in France
Salvestro de' Medici (1331–1388), former Gonfaloniere and Provost of the city of Florence
Pope Clement VII (Giulio de’ Medici) (1478–1534), pope from 1523 to 1534; it was Pope Clement who excommunicated Henry VIII of England
Pope Leo X (Giovanni de' Medici) (1475–1521), a Cardinal-Deacon from the age of 13
Pope Leo XI (Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici) (1535–1605), pope from 1–27 April 1605^[50]

Main article: List of condottieri

Cesare Borgia (1475/1476–1507), Spanish-Italian condottiero, nobleman, politician, and cardinal. Powerful lord, and a leading figure in the politics of his era
Bartolomeo Colleoni (1400–1475), condottiere, at various times in Venetian and Milanese service and from 1454 general in chief of the Republic of Venice for life
Andrea Doria (1466–1560), condottiere, and admiral who was the foremost naval leader of his time^[51]
Erasmo of Narni (1370–1443, known as Gattamelata), who served Florence, Venice and the pope before becoming dictator of Padua
Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (1194–1250), King of Sicily and promoter of Sicilian culture and political power; expanded domain into much of Italy^[52]
Federico da Montefeltro (1422–1482), lord of Urbino from 1444 (as Duke from 1474) until his death. He is widely regarded as one of the most successful condottieri of his time
Giovanni dalle Bande Nere (1498–1526), the most noted soldier of all the Medici
Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta (1417–1468), condottiero and nobleman. He was widely considered by his contemporaries as one of the most daring military leaders in Italy
Niccolò Piccinino (1386–1444), soldier of fortune who played an important role in the 15th-century wars of the Visconti of Milan against Venice, Florence, and the pope
Francesco I Sforza (1401–1466), condottiere who played a crucial role in 15th-century Italian politics
Muzio Sforza (1369–1424), soldier of fortune who played an important role in the wars of his period and whose son Francesco became duke of Milan
Gian Giacomo Trivulzio (1440/1441–1518), aristocrat and condottiero who served as a military captain under Galeazzo, later became the grand Marshal of France

Early Modern period to Unification

See also: History of Italy (1559–1814)

Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy (1562–1630), skilled soldier and shrewd politician. He was nicknamed Testa d'feu ("Head of Fire") for his rashness and military attitudes
Michelangelo Alessandro Colli-Marchi (1738–1808), general in the service of the Austrian army
Achille Fontanelli (1755–1838), Minister of War and general of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy
Franziska Scanagatta (1776–1864), military officer who served the Austrian Empire.
Torquato Conti (1591–1636), military commander who served as a General-Field Marshal of the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years' War
Eugene of Savoy (1663–1736), general in the service of the Austrian Holy Roman emperor
Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma (1545–1592), revitalized Spanish rule in the southern provinces of the Netherlands (modern Belgium and Luxembourg)
Pasquale Paoli (1725–1807), statesman and general, hailed as the father of Corsica. He wrote and promulgated the modern world's first democratic constitution in 1755^[53]^[54]
Pietro Micca (1677–1706), the miner who at the sacrifice of his own life saved the citadel of Turin (1706) from French troops
Raimondo Montecuccoli (1609–1680), field marshal and military reformer. In the service of the Habsburgs, he took part in the Thirty Years' War
Ottavio Piccolomini (1599–1656), general and diplomat in the service of the House of Habsburg during the Thirty Years' War
Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases (1569–1630), general and master of siege warfare in the service of Spain
Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia (1666–1732), King of Sicily (1713–1720) and of Sardinia (1720–1730), established the foundation for the future Italian national state

1861 to the rise of Fascism

Main article: Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)

Pietro Badoglio (1871–1956), general and statesman during the dictatorship of Benito Mussolini
Italo Balbo (1896–1940), airman and fascist leader who played a decisive role in developing Benito Mussolini's air force^[55]
Cesare Battisti (1875–1916), politician
Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour (1810–1861), politician, leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification
Francesco Crispi (1819–1901), statesman who, after being exiled from Naples and Sardinia-Piedmont for revolutionary activities, eventually became premier of a united Italy^[56]
Salvo D'Acquisto (1920–1943), member of the Italian Carabinieri, awarded the Gold Medal of Military Valor in memory of his heroism
Armando Diaz (1861–1928), general and a Marshal of Italy
Giulio Douhet (1869–1930), military, the first to envision the true potential of airpower and strategic bombardment
Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807–1882), patriot and soldier of the Risorgimento; contributed to the achievement of Italian unification under the royal House of Savoy
Giovanni Giolitti (1842–1928), statesman and five times prime minister under whose leadership Italy prospered
Antonio Gramsci (1891–1937), intellectual and politician, a founder of the Italian Communist Party whose ideas greatly influenced Italian communism^[57]
Giacomo Matteotti (1885–1924), socialist politician. He strongly denounced the National Fascist Party. Two weeks after his speech, he was kidnapped and murdered by fascists
Giuseppe Mazzini (1805–1872), propagandist and revolutionary; a champion of the movement for Italian unity known as the Risorgimento
Benito Mussolini (1883–1945), prime minister (1922–43) and the first of 20th-century Europe's fascist dictators^[58]
Carlo Rosselli (1899–1937), political leader, journalist, and historian. He was committed to the anti-fascist struggle in Italy and in the Spanish Civil War
Enrico Toti (1882–1916), deportist, patriot and hero of World War I
Victor Emmanuel II of Italy (1820–1878), king of Sardinia–Piedmont who became the first king of a united Italy^[59]
Victor Emmanuel III of Italy (1869–1947), king of Italy whose reign brought the end of the Italian monarchy^[60]

Italian republic

See also: List of Presidents of the Italian Republic, List of Prime Ministers of Italy, and Template:Lists of Italian politicians by party

Giulio Andreotti (1919-2013), Christian Democratic politician who was several times prime minister of Italy in the period from 1972 to 1992^[61]
Enrico Berlinguer (1922–1984), secretary-general of the Italian Communist Party from March 1972 until his death
Silvio Berlusconi (born 1936), media tycoon who served three times as prime minister of Italy (1994; 2001–06; 2008–11)^[62]
Umberto Bossi (born 1941), politician who was leader (1991– ) of the Lega Nord party^[63]
Bettino Craxi (1934–2000), politician who became his nation's first Socialist prime minister (1983–87)^[64]
Alcide De Gasperi (1881–1954), statesman and politician, considered to be one of the Founding fathers of the European Union
Enrico De Nicola (1877–1959), politician, the first provisional Head of State of the newborn republic of Italy from 1946 to 1948
Antonio Di Pietro (born 1950), jurist and politician who uncovered a wide-ranging government corruption scandal
Luigi Einaudi (1874–1961), economist and statesman, the first president (1948–55) of the Republic of Italy^[65]
Nilde Iotti (1920–1999), politician
Aldo Moro (1916–1978), leader of the Christian Democratic Party, who served five times as premier of Italy. In 1978 he was kidnapped and subsequently murdered by left-wing terrorists^[66]
Romano Prodi (born 1939), politician who was twice prime minister of Italy (1996–98; 2006–08) and who served as president of the European Commission (1999–2004)^[67]
Antonio Segni (1891–1972), statesman, twice premier (1955–57, 1959–60), and fourth president (1962–64) of Italy
Luigi Sturzo (1871–1959), priest, public official, and political organizer who founded a party that was a forerunner of the Italian Christian Democrat movement^[68]
Palmiro Togliatti (1893–1964), politician who led the Italian Communist Party for nearly 40 years and made it the largest in Europe^[69]
Altiero Spinelli (1907–1986), statesman, author of the so-called “Spinelli Plan”, co-author of the Ventotene Manifesto, founder of the Crocodile Club, co-founder of the Union of European Federalists, hailed as one of the Fathers of European Union^[70]

Musicians

Composers

Main article: List of Italian composers

Middle Ages

Johannes Ciconia (c. 1370–1412), composer and theorist. His open melodic style, clarity of texture, and "modern" sense of harmonic direction make him an attractive and accessible composer
Gherardello da Firenze (c. 1320/1325–1362/1363), composer. He was known for his liturgical compositions but only two mass movements have survived
Guido of Arezzo (c. 990–1050), music theorist whose principles served as a foundation for modern Western musical notation^[71]
Jacopo da Bologna (fl. 1340–1360), court composer during the Trecento and one of the earliest composers of polyphonic secular songs
Francesco Landini (c. 1325/1335–1397), composer, organist and poet. Celebrated in his own day as a master of the Italian ars nova style, among his works are madrigals, cacce, and ballate
Marchetto da Padova (fl. 1305–1319), music theorist and composer. He lived at Cesena and Verona at some time and was in the service of Rainier, Prince of Monaco

Renaissance

Giovanni Animuccia (c. 1500–1571), composer who contributed to the development of the oratorio
Adriano Banchieri (1568–1634), one of the principal composers of madrigal comedies and choral pieces^[72]
Giulio Caccini (1551–1618), composer and singer; Le nuove musiche (1602), a collection of songs with basso continuo, was of landmark importance in establishing the new monodic style
Francesco Canova da Milano (1497–1543), lutenist and composer. Known as Il divino ("the divine"), he was the finest composer of lute music before John Dowland
Emilio de' Cavalieri (1550–1602), composer. One of the earliest to compose dramatic music^[73]
Andrea Gabrieli (1532/33–1585), composer and organist, known for his madrigals and his large-scale choral and instrumental music for public ceremonies^[74]
Giovanni Gabrieli (c. 1554/1557–1612), composer and organist. He was one of the most influential musicians of his time
Carlo Gesualdo (1566–1613), composer and lutist. He is famous for his intensely expressive madrigals, which use a chromatic language not heard of until the 19th century
Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (1525/1526–1594), composer associated with the Roman School (Renaissance music)
Luzzasco Luzzaschi (c. 1545–1607), composer, organist, and teacher of the late Renaissance
Luca Marenzio (1553–1599), composer whose madrigals are considered to be among the finest examples of Italian madrigals of the late 16th century^[75]
Claudio Merulo (1533–1604), composer. He was organist of Brescia Cathedral (1556–7) and of St Mark's Basilica, Venice (1557–84), where he was also an organ consultant, publisher and teacher
Claudio Monteverdi (1567–1643), composer, violinist and singer considered a crucial figure in the history of music
Jacopo Peri (1561–1633), composer and singer; often called the inventor of opera
Gioseffo Zarlino (1517–1590), composer and writer on music, the most celebrated music theorist of the mid-16th century^[76]

Baroque

Tomaso Albinoni (1671–1751), composer remembered chiefly for his instrumental music
Gregorio Allegri (1582–1652), composer of church music. The famous Miserere, performed yearly on Wednesday and Friday of Passion Week, in the papal chapel, is his composition
Francesca Caccini (1587–1641), composer and singer, daughter of Giulio Caccini. She was the first woman to compose opera and probably the most prolific woman composer of her time
Antonio Caldara (1670/71–1736), composer. He composed many operas and oratorios, other sacred and secular vocal music, and chamber works. His canons were especially popular
Giacomo Carissimi (1605–1674), composer and one of the most celebrated masters of the early Baroque, or, more accurately, the Roman School of music
Francesco Cavalli (1602–1676), the most important Italian composer of opera in the mid-17th century^[77]
Antonio Cesti (1623–1669), composer who, with Francesco Cavalli, was one of the leading Italian composers of the 17th century^[78]
Arcangelo Corelli (1653–1713), violinist, composer, conductor and teacher. Founder of the Italian school of violin
Girolamo Frescobaldi (1583–1643), musician and one of the most important composers of keyboard instrumental music in the late Renaissance and early Baroque music periods
Francesco Geminiani (1687–1762), composer, violinist, teacher, writer on musical performance, and a leading figure in early 18th-century music^[79]
Leonardo Leo (1694–1744), composer who was noted for his comic operas and who was instrumental in forming the Neapolitan style of opera composition
Pietro Locatelli (1695–1764), composer and violinist. His influential L′arte del violino (1733) contains 12 solo violin concertos and 24 caprices for solo violin
Jean Baptiste Lully (1632–1687), Italian-French composer. He was court composer to Louis XIV, founding the national French opera and producing court ballets for Molière's plays
Giovanni Battista Pergolesi (1710–1736), composer whose intermezzo La serva padrona (1733) was one of the most celebrated stage works of the 18th century^[80]
Nicola Porpora (1686–1768), composer. Leading Italian teacher of singing of the 18th century^[81]
Alessandro Scarlatti (1660–1725), composer of operas and religious works. He is considered the founder of the Neapolitan school of opera
Domenico Scarlatti (1685–1757), composer noted particularly for his 555 keyboard sonatas, which substantially expanded the technical and musical possibilities of the harpsichord^[82]
Barbara Strozzi (1619–1677), virtuoso singer and composer of vocal music, one of only a few women in the 17th century to publish their own compositions
Giuseppe Tartini (1692–1770), violinist, composer, and theorist who helped establish the modern style of violin bowing and formulated principles of musical ornamentation and harmony^[83]
Giuseppe Torelli (1658–1709), composer and violinist, noted for his essential role in the development of the solo concerto, concerto grosso, and sonata da camera forms
Antonio Vivaldi (1678–1741), composer, Italian baroque, known for violin music and the concerto grosso
Domenico Zipoli (1688–1726), organist and composer. In 1716 he published his collection Sonate d'intavolatura per organo e cimbalo

Classical period

Luigi Boccherini (1743–1805), composer and cellist. His vast chamber music output includes some 125 string quintets, some 90 string quartets, and many string trios
Ferdinando Carulli (1770–1841), guitarist, composer and teacher. Known for his concertos, sonatas, studies, variations and transcriptions (over 300 opus numbers)
Domenico Cimarosa (1749–1801), composer; a leading representative of the opera buffa. Among his numerous works, Il matrimonio segreto (1792) is universally renowned
Baldassare Galuppi (1706–1784), composer whose comic operas won him the title father of the opera buffa."^[84]
Mauro Giuliani (1781–1829), the most important guitarist and composer of guitar music of his time
Niccolò Jommelli (1714–1774), composer of religious music and operas, an innovator in his use of the orchestra
Giovanni Battista Martini (1706–1784), composer, music theorist, and music historian who was internationally renowned as a teacher^[85]
Giovanni Paisiello (1740–1816), one of the most successful and influential opera composers of his time. He composed more than 80 operas, including a very popular Barber of Seville (1782)^[86]
Niccolò Piccinni (1728–1800), composer of more than 100 operas. His most famous opera was La buona figliuola (1760), which established him as one of the leading composers of his day
Antonio Salieri (1750–1825), composer whose operas were acclaimed throughout Europe in the late 18th century
Giovanni Battista Sammartini (1700/1701–1775), composer who was an important formative influence on the pre-Classical symphony
Giovanni Battista Viotti (1755–1824), violinist and composer, principal founder of the 19th-century school of violin playing

Romantic

Vincenzo Bellini (1801–1835), opera composer. His most celebrated works are the operas La sonnambula and Norma (both 1831)
Arrigo Boito (1842–1918), composer and poet. He is remembered for his opera Mefistofele (1868)
Alfredo Catalani (1854–1893), composer of the popular opera La Wally (1892). His operas were among the most important in the period preceding the verismo school
Luigi Cherubini (1760–1842), composer, who lived in Paris after 1788. Of his nearly 40 operas, the most popular were Lodoïska (1791), Médée (1797), and Les deux journées (1800)
Muzio Clementi (1752–1832), composer, pianist, organist and teacher who is acknowledged as the first to write specifically for the piano
Gaetano Donizetti (1797–1848), opera composer. Among his major works are Lucia di Lammermoor (1835), La fille du régiment (1840), and La favorite (1840)
Ruggero Leoncavallo (1857–1919), opera composer whose fame rests on the opera Pagliacci (1892)
Pietro Mascagni (1863–1945), operatic composer, one of the principal exponents of verismo. Mascagni came up with his masterpiece Cavalleria rusticana in 1890 to tremendous success
Saverio Mercadante (1795–1870), composer, teacher and orchestrator. He is considered to have been an important reformer of Italian opera
Niccolò Paganini (1782–1840), composer and principal violin virtuoso of the 19th century
Amilcare Ponchielli (1834–1886), composer, known for his opera La Gioconda (1876)
Gioachino Rossini (1792–1868), composer nicknamed "The Italian Mozart". Operas include: The Barber of Seville (1816), La Cenerentola (1817), and Semiramide (1823)
Gaspare Spontini (1774–1851), composer and conductor. His most acclaimed work was La Vestale (1807)
Giuseppe Verdi (1813–1901), leading Italian composer of opera in the 19th century, noted for operas such as Rigoletto (1851), La traviata (1853), Aida (1871) and Otello (1887) among others

The 1900s

Luciano Berio (1925–2003), musician, whose success as theorist, conductor, composer, and teacher placed him among the leading representatives of the musical avant-garde^[87]
Ferruccio Busoni (1866–1924), pianist and composer who attained fame as a pianist of brilliance and intellectual power
Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco (1895–1968), composer in the Neoromantic style. Literature and Judaism were influential in his compositions
Francesco Cilea (1866–1950), composer whose operas are distinguished by their melodic charm.^[88] known for Adriana Lecouvreur (1902)
Luigi Dallapiccola (1904–1975), composer known for his lyrical twelve-tone compositions
Lorenzo Ferrero (born 1951), composer. Among his major works are the operas Salvatore Giuliano (1986), La Conquista (2005), and Risorgimento! (2011)
Umberto Giordano (1867–1948), opera composer in the verismo, or "realist", style, known for his opera Andrea Chénier (1896)
Pietro Mascagni (1863–1945), opera composer, famous for Cavalleria rusticana, one of the classic verismo operas
Ennio Morricone (born 1928), composer and conductor. He is considered one of the most prolific and influential film composers of his era
Luigi Nono (1924–1990), leading Italian composer of electronic, aleatory, and serial music
Goffredo Petrassi (1904–2003), composer of modern classical music, conductor, and teacher
Giacomo Puccini (1858–1924), composer of operas. His finest operas, La bohème (1896), Tosca (1900), Madama Butterfly (1904), and Turandot (produced posthumously in 1926)
Ottorino Respighi (1879–1936), composer, known for colourful tone poems The Fountains of Rome (1916) and The Pines of Rome (1924)
Nino Rota (1911–1979), composer of film scores, notably for the films of Federico Fellini and Luchino Visconti

Conductors

Claudio Abbado (1933–2014), conductor. Principal conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra (1979–88); director of the Vienna State Opera (1986–91), and the Berlin Philharmonic (1989–2001)
Ferruccio Busoni (1866–1924), pianist and composer who attained fame as a pianist of brilliance and intellectual power
Riccardo Chailly (born 1953), conductor known for his devotion to contemporary music, and for his attempts to modernize approaches to the traditional symphonic repertory
Victor de Sabata (1892–1967), conductor and composer. He is widely recognized as one of the most distinguished operatic conductors of the 20th century
Daniele Gatti (born 1961), conductor. He is considered the foremost conductor of his generation"^[89]
Carlo Maria Giulini (1914–2005), conductor esteemed for his skills in directing both grand opera and symphony orchestras
Fabio Luisi (born 1959), conductor of the Vienna Symphony and the Staatskapelle Dresden
Riccardo Muti (born 1941), conductor of both opera and the symphonic repertory. He became one of the most respected and charismatic conductors of his generation^[90]
Claudio Scimone (born 1934), conductor. He founded I Solisti Veneti in 1959, specializing in 18th-century and 20th-century Italian music
Tullio Serafin (1878–1968), conductor. An outstanding conductor of Italian opera, he did much to foster the revival of interest in Bellini and Donizetti
Giuseppe Sinopoli (1946–2001), performed with an intensity and daring that made him one of Europe's most controversial orchestra leaders
Arturo Toscanini (1867–1957), conductor, considered one of the great virtuoso conductors of the first half of the 20th century^[91]

Singers

Franco Battiato (1945) – singer/songwriter, composer
Lucio Battisti (1943–1998) – singer/songwriter
Edoardo Bennato (1946) – singer/songwriter
Eugenio Bennato (1948) – singer/songwriter
Loredana Berté (1950) – performer
Carla Bissi (Alice) (1954) – singer/songwriter
Angelo Branduardi (1950) – singer/songwriter
Fred Buscaglione (1921–1960) – singer/songwriter
Andrea Caccese (1988) − singer/songwriter
Juri Camisasca (1951) – singer/songwriter
Renato Carosone (1920–2001) – singer/songwriter
Marco Cecioni (Il Balletto Di Bronzo) (19??) – singer/songwriter
Adriano Celentano (1938) – singer/songwriter
Paolo Conte (1937) – singer/songwriter
Lucio Dalla (1943–2012) – singer/songwriter
Francesco De Gregori (1951) – singer/songwriter
Pino Daniele (1955–2015) – singer/songwriter
Fabrizio De André (1940–1999) – singer/songwriter
Manuel De Peppe (1970) - singer/songwriter
Teresa De Sio (1955) – singer/songwriter
Franz Di Cioccio (Premiata Forneria Marconi) (1946) – singer/songwriter
Francesco Di Giacomo (Banco del Mutuo Soccorso) (1947–2014) – performer
Eugenio Finardi (1952) – singer/songwriter
Ivano Fossati (1951) – singer/songwriter
Francesco Guccini (1940) – singer/songwriter
Rino Gaetano (1950–1981) – singer/songwriter
Bruno Lauzi (1937–2006) – singer/songwriter
Luciano Ligabue (1960) – singer/songwriter
Fiorella Mannoia (1954) – performer
Mia Martini (1947–1995) – performer
Milva (1939 – performer
Mina (1940) – performer
Domenico Modugno (1928–1994) – singer/songwriter
Gianni Morandi (1944) – performer
Franco Mussida (Premiata Forneria Marconi) (1947) – singer/songwriter
Gianna Nannini (1956) – singer/songwriter
Gino Paoli (1934) – singer/songwriter
Eros Ramazzotti (1963) – singer/songwriter
Donatella Rettore (1955) – singer/songwriter
Vasco Rossi (1952) – singer/songwriter
Enrico Ruggeri (1957) – singer/songwriter
Antonella Ruggiero (1952) – performer
Giuni Russo (1951–2004) – singer/songwriter
Demetrio Stratos (Area) (1945–1973) – singer/songwriter
Aldo Tagliapietra (Le Orme) (1945) – singer/songwriter
Luigi Tenco (1938–1967) – singer/songwriter
Ornella Vanoni (1934) – performer
Roberto Vecchioni (1943) – singer/songwriter
Antonello Venditti (1949) – singer/songwriter
Edoardo Vianello (1938) – singer/songwriter
Renato Zero (1950) – singer/songwriter
Zucchero (1955) – singer/songwriter

Castrati singers

Sopranos

Gemma Bellincioni (1864–1950), opera singer – soprano
Maria Caniglia (1905–1979), soprano; one of the leading Italian dramatic sopranos of the 1930s and 1940s
Mirella Freni (born 1935), soprano; one of the dominant figures on the opera scene; she has since performed at many venues, including Milan, Vienna and Salzburg
Amelita Galli-Curci (1882–1963), coloratura soprano
Giulia Grisi (1811–1869), operatic soprano whose brilliant dramatic voice established her as an operatic prima donna for more than 30 years^[93]
Claudia Muzio (1889–1936), operatic soprano, whose international career was among the most successful of the early 20th century. She brought drama and pathos to all her roles
Giuditta Pasta (1797–1865), soprano. She was famed for her roles in the operas of Rossini, Bellini and Donizetti; acclaimed for her vocal range and expressiveness
Adelina Patti (1843–1919), soprano; one of the great coloratura singers of the 19th century
Renata Scotto (born 1934), soprano and opera director; considered one of the preeminent singers of her generation, specializing in the bel canto repertoire
Renata Tebaldi (1922–2004), lyric soprano; one of the most acclaimed members of the Metropolitan Opera company from 1955 to 1973, and retired from singing in 1976
Luisa Tetrazzini (1871–1940), coloratura soprano; one of the finest of her time

Mezzo-sopranos

Cecilia Bartoli (born 1966), operatic mezzo-soprano who achieved global stardom with her outstanding vocal skills
Faustina Bordoni (1697–1781), mezzo-soprano; known for her beauty and acting as well as her vocal range and breath control
Fiorenza Cossotto (born 1935), mezzo-soprano; she is considered by many to be one of the great mezzo-sopranos of the 20th century
Giulietta Simionato (1910–2010), mezzo-soprano who excelled at bel canto and lighter operas by Rossini and Mozart
Ebe Stignani (1903 or 1904–1974), mezzo-soprano; member of the Scala ensemble and was regarded as its leading exponent of dramatic contralto and mezzo roles

Contraltos

Marietta Alboni (1823–1894), operatic contralto known for her classic Italian bel canto
Clorinda Corradi (1804–1877), opera singer; one of the most famous contraltos in history
Giuseppina Grassini (1773–1850), noted Italian contralto and a singing teacher

Tenors

Carlo Bergonzi (born 1924), operatic tenor; from 1956 to 1983, his beautiful voice was a fixture in the 19th-century Italian and French repertoire at the Metropolitan Opera^[94]
Andrea Bocelli (born 1958), opera tenor noted for his unique blend of opera and pop music^[95]
Enrico Caruso (1873–1921), operatic tenor
Franco Corelli (1921–2003), tenor; powerful voice and passionate singing style; had a major international opera career between 1951 and 1976
Fernando De Lucia (1860 or 1861–1925), opera tenor and singing teacher who enjoyed an international career
Mario Del Monaco (1915–1982), operatic tenor
Giuseppe Di Stefano (1921–2008), lyric tenor who was hailed as one of the finest operatic tenors of his generation^[96]
Giuseppe Filianoti (born 1974), operatic tenor noted for his beautiful voice and impressive stage presence.
Beniamino Gigli (1890–1957), operatic tenor. The most famous tenor of his generation; was a leading in French and Italian operas from 1920 to 1932
Giacomo Lauri-Volpi (1892–1979), lyric-dramatic tenor; he performed throughout Europe and the Americas in a top-class career that spanned 40 years
Giovanni Martinelli (1885–1969), operatic tenor; his repertoire of about 50 roles included the leading tenor roles in nearly all the principal Italian operas^[97]
Luciano Pavarotti (1935–2007), lyric tenor
Aureliano Pertile (1885–1952), lyric-dramatic tenor; one of the most important of the entire 20th century
Gianni Raimondi (1923–2008), lyric tenor, particularly associated with the Italian repertory
Giovanni Battista Rubini (1794–1854), tenor; known for playing heroic roles
Tito Schipa (1888–1965), operatic tenor; he is considered one of the finest tenore di grazia in operatic history
Francesco Tamagno (1850–1905), tenor; he became famous for his performances in the title roles of Verdi's Otello and Don Carlos

Baritones

Pasquale Amato (1878–1942), operatic baritone; from 1908 to 1921 he sang leading baritone roles at the Metropolitan Opera
Ettore Bastianini (1922–1967), operatic baritone; was particularly associated with the operas of Verdi
Mattia Battistini (1856–1928), operatic baritone; a great master of bel canto
Renato Bruson (born 1934), operatic baritone; one of the most important Verdi baritones of the late 20th and early 21st century
Piero Cappuccilli (1926–2005), operatic baritone; enjoyed a 35-year career during which he was widely regarded as the leading Italian baritone of his generation^[98]
Antonio Cotogni (1831–1918), operatic baritone
Giuseppe De Luca (1876–1950), operatic baritone
Tito Gobbi (1913–1984), operatic baritone; he sang in most of the great opera houses and was acclaimed for his acting ability
Rolando Panerai (born 1924), baritone; début Florence (1946) with Lucia di Lammermoor
Giorgio Ronconi (1810–1890), operatic baritone; one of the most popular artists on the lyric stage until his retirement in 1866
Titta Ruffo (1877–1953), operatic baritone
Giuseppe Taddei (1916–2010), baritone; he has performed more than 100 operatic roles over six decades

Basses

Salvatore Baccaloni (1900–1969), operatic bass; known for his large repertory, he sang nearly 170 roles in five languages
Sesto Bruscantini (1919–2003), operatic bass-baritone, buffo singer
Enzo Dara (born 1938), bass buffo; one of the foremost performers of his generation
Nazzareno De Angelis (1881–1962), operatic bass, particularly associated with Verdi, Rossini and Wagner roles
Ferruccio Furlanetto (born 1949), buss; known as a brilliant interpreter in the Italian repertoire and as a Mozart-singer
Luigi Lablache (1794–1858), peratic bass admired for his musicianship and acting
Tancredi Pasero (1893–1983), bass. Particularly associated with the Italian repertory
Ezio Pinza (1892–1957), operatic performer who was the leading basso at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City (1926–1948)
Cesare Siepi (1923–2010), bass singer who won over audiences worldwide in signature roles such as Don Giovanni and Figaro in The Marriage of Figaro

Painters

Ancient Rome

Amulius (1st century AD), Roman painter. One of the principal painters of the Domus Aurea
Furius Dionysius Philocalus (4th century AD), Roman chronograph and painter
Pacuvius (220–130 BC), Roman writer and painter
Studius (1st century BC and 1st century AD), Roman painter of the Augustan period

Middle Ages

Altichiero (c. 1330–c. 1390), painter who was the effective founder of the Veronese school and perhaps the most significant northern Italian artist of the 14th century^[99]
Bonaventura Berlinghieri (fl. 1235–1244), painter of the Gothic period. His most celebrated work is St. Francis of Assisi (1235); one of the earliest icons of the Saint
Pietro Cavallini (c. 1250–c. 1330), painter and mosaicist. His surviving works are frescoes in Santa Cecilia in Trastevere and in Santa Maria Donna Regina Vecchia
Cimabue (before 1251–1302), painter and mosaicist. Among his works may be cited the Sta. Trinità Madonna (c. 1290) and the Madonna Enthroned with St. Francis (c. 1290–95)
Coppo di Marcovaldo (fl. 1260–1276), painter, one of the earliest about whom there is a body of documented knowledge. His one signed work is the Madonna del Bordone (1261)
Bernardo Daddi (c. 1280–1348), painter, the outstanding painter in Florence in the period after the death of Giotto (who was possibly his teacher)^[100]
Duccio (fl. 1278–1319), painter. Founder of the Sienese school. His most celebrated work is a large altar called the Maestà (1308–1311) in the Siena cathedral
Taddeo Gaddi (c. 1300–1366), painter and architect, known for the fresco series Life of the Virgin (completed in 1338)
Giottino (fl. 1324–1369), painter of the school of Giotto. He has been credited with frescoes in Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence, and in the Lower Church of St. Francis in Assisi
Giotto di Bondone (1266/7–1337), painter, the first of the great Italian masters.^[101] His work includes cycles of frescoes in Assisi, the Arena Chapel in Padua and the Church of Santa Croce
Guido of Siena (13th century), painter. One of the innovators in Italian art after the dominance of the Byzantine style
Ambrogio Lorenzetti (c. 1290–1348), painter of the Sienese school. Known for the cycle of frescoes (1337–39) in the Palazzo Pubblico, Siena
Pietro Lorenzetti (c. 1280–1348), painter of the Sienese school. His Nativity of the Virgin (c. 1335–1342), is notable for his handling of perspective
Simone Martini (c. 1284–1344), painter, important exponent of Gothic art. Among his works may be cited the Maestà fresco (1315) and Annunciation and two Saints (1333)
Lippo Memmi (c. 1291–1356), painter from Siena. One of the artists who worked at the Orvieto Cathedral, for which he finished the Madonna dei Raccomandati (c. 1320)
Orcagna (c. 1308–1368), painter, sculptor and architect. He was one of the leading artists of his day^[102]
Paolo Veneziano (fl. 1333–1358), painter and possibly illuminator. He was by far the most prolific and influential Venetian painter of the early 14th century^[103]
Giunta Pisano (fl. 1236–1255),^[104] painter. Three large Crucifixions are ascribed to the same master, whose signature can be traced on them
Jacopo Torriti (fl. 1270–1300), painter and mosaicist. His work is now known only from two highly prominent signed apse mosaics in the basilicas of St. John Lateran and Santa Maria Maggiore

Renaissance and Mannerism

Mariotto Albertinelli (1474–1515), painter, known for The Visitation (1503) and The Annunciation (1510)
Alessandro Allori (1535–1607), painter. His varied output included altarpieces, portraits, and tapestry designs. The Pearl Fishing (1570–1572) is generally considered his masterpiece
Andrea del Castagno (c. 1421–1457), painter in the early Florentine Renaissance. Known for a series of monumental frescoes depicting the Last Supper
Andrea del Sarto (1486–1530), painter. His most striking among other well-known works is the series of frescoes on the life of St. John the Baptist in the Chiostro dello Scalzo (c. 1515–1526)
Andrea del Verrocchio (c. 1435–1488), sculptor and painter. Among his principal paintings are Baptism of Christ (1472–1475) and several versions of the Madonna and Child
Sofonisba Anguissola (c. 1535–1625), painter, mainly of portraits, the first woman artist to win international renown^[105]
Antonello da Messina (c. 1430–1479), Sicilian painter. Major works were altarpieces and portraits
Antonio da Correggio (1489–1534), painter, known for the frescoes in the domes of San Giovanni Evangelista and the Cathedral of Parma, where he worked from 1520 to 1530
Giuseppe Arcimboldo (1527–1593), painter, famous for his allegorical or symbolical compositions in which he arranged objects such as fruits and vegetables into the form of the human face
Alesso Baldovinetti (1425–1499), painter. He contributed importantly to the fledgling art of landscape painting^[106]
Jacopo de' Barbari (c. 1440–before 1516), painter and printmaker. His few surviving paintings (about twelve) include the first known example of trompe-l'œil since antiquity
Federico Barocci (c. 1526–1612), leading painter of the central Italian school in the last decades of the 16th century and an important precursor of the Baroque style
Jacopo Bassano (c. 1510–1592), painter of the Venetian school, known for his religious paintings, lush landscapes, and scenes of everyday life
Domenico di Pace Beccafumi (1486–1551), painter, sculptor, draughtsman, printmaker and illuminator. He was one of the protagonists of Tuscan Mannerism^[107]
Gentile Bellini (c. 1429–1507), painter, member of the founding family of the Venetian school of Renaissance painting, known for his portraiture and his scenes of Venice
Giovanni Bellini (c. 1430–1516), painter. Among his works may be cited St. Francis in Ecstasy (c. 1480) and Portrait of Doge Leonardo Loredan (1501)
Jacopo Bellini (c. 1400–c. 1470), painter who introduced the principles of Florentine early Renaissance art into Venice^[108]
Ambrogio Bergognone (c. 1470–1523/1524), painter. His most important works are the frescoes in the Certosa di Pavia
Boccaccio Boccaccino (c. 1467–c. 1525), painter. His most impressive work is the fresco cycle of the Life of the Virgin along the nave in the cathedral at Cremona
Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio (1466/1467–1516), painter. He was a pupil of Leonardo da Vinci, whose style he adhered to faithfully
Paris Bordone (1500–1571), painter of religious, mythological, and anecdotal subjects, known for his striking sexualized paintings of women
Sandro Botticelli (c. 1445–1510), painter of the Florentine school. The Primavera (c. 1482) and The Birth of Venus (c. 1486) rank now among the most familiar masterpieces of Florentine art
Francesco Botticini (1446–1498), painter profoundly influenced by Castagno; worked under and was formed by Cosimo Rosselli and Verrocchio
Bramantino (c. 1456–c. 1530), painter and architect, a follower of Bramante, from whom he takes his nickname
Bronzino (1503–1572), painter. He is noted chiefly for his stylized portraits. Of his religious works, Deposition of Christ (1540–1545) is the most famous
Luca Cambiasi (1527–1585), painter and draughtsman. He was the outstanding Genoese painter of the 16th century
Vittore Carpaccio (c. 1460–1525/1526), painter active in Venice, known for the cycle depicting the life of Saint Ursula and the Saint George series
Cennino Cennini (c. 1370–c. 1440), painter, known for writing Il libro dell'arte (1437), source on the methods, techniques, and attitudes of medieval artists^[109]
Cigoli (1559–1613), painter, draughtsman, architect and scenographer. He was one of the most influential artists in 17th-century Florence^[110]
Cima da Conegliano (c. 1459–c. 1517), painter of the Venetian school whose style was marked by its use of landscape and by airy, luminous colour
Niccolò Antonio Colantonio (fl. 1440–1470), painter, based in Naples, where he painted religious paintings in a style marked by Flemish influence
Francesco del Cossa (c. 1430–c. 1477), painter of the Ferrarese school, best known works are the frescoes in the Palazzo Schifanoia at Ferrara (probably commissioned in 1469)
Lorenzo Costa (1460–1535), painter of the Ferrarese and Bolognese schools, known for his painting the Madonna and Child with the Bentivoglio family (1483)
Carlo Crivelli (c. 1435–c. 1495), painter. All his works were of religious subjects, done in an elaborate, old-fashioned style reminiscent of the linearism of Andrea Mantegna
Daniele da Volterra (c. 1509–1566), painter and sculptor, noted for his finely drawn, highly idealized figures done in the style of Michelangelo
Ercole de' Roberti (c. 1451–1496), painter. His dynamic figurative compositions are marked by an exceptional intensity of feeling
Francesco de' Rossi (1510–1563), painter and designer, one of the leading Mannerist fresco painters of the Florentine-Roman school^[111]
Niccolò dell'Abbate (1509 or 1512–1571), painter and decorator. He is credited with introducing landscape painting in France
Dosso Dossi (c. 1490–1542), painter and leader of the Ferrarese school in the 16th century^[112]
Gaudenzio Ferrari (c. 1471–1546), painter and sculptor, one of the leading representatives of the Lombard school
Rosso Fiorentino (1494–1540), painter. His masterpiece is generally considered to be the Deposition or Descent from the Cross altarpiece in the Pinacoteca Comunale di Volterra
Lavinia Fontana (1552–1614), painter. She was one of the first women painters in European history to have enjoyed professional success^[113]
Prospero Fontana (1512–1597), painter, father of Lavinia Fontana. One of the leading painters in Bologna
Vincenzo Foppa (c. 1430 – c. 1515), painter, leading figure in 15th-century Lombard art^[114]
Fra Angelico (c. 1395–1455), painter. His most well-known works are frescoes at the monastery of San Marco, Florence, and in the chapel of Pope Nicholas V in the Vatican
Fra Bartolomeo (1472–1517), painter, a leading figure of the High Renaissance. Noted for his austere religious works
Franciabigio (1482–1525), painter, known for his portraits and religious paintings
Agnolo Gaddi (c. 1350–1396), painter. He was an influential and prolific artist who was the last major Florentine painter stylistically descended from Giotto^[115]
Fede Galizia (1578–1630), painter, one of the earliest still life painters in Italy, who was also known for miniature portraits, landscapes, and religious subjects
Gentile da Fabriano (c. 1370–1427), painter, one of the outstanding exponents of the elegant international Gothic style^[116]
Domenico Ghirlandaio (1449–1494), painter. His most famous achievement is his fresco cycle of the life of Mary and St. John the Baptist for the choir of Santa Maria Novella (1485–1490)
Ridolfo Ghirlandaio (1483–1561), painter. He was the son of Domenico Ghirlandaio, and was trained in his father's workshop
Giorgione (c. 1477/8–1510), painter of the Venetian school. His The Tempest (c. 1508), a milestone in Renaissance landscape painting
Giovanni da Udine (1487–1564), painter and architect. A pupil of Raphael and one of his assistants in painting the frescoes of the Vatican
Giovanni di Paolo (c. 1403–1482), painter. One of the most attractive and idiosyncratic painters of the Sienese School
Stefano di Giovanni (c. 1400–1450), painter of the Sienese school, is noted for the gentle piety of his art
Benozzo Gozzoli (c. 1421–1497), painter. He is famous for his numerous frescos, such as The Journey of the Magi to Bethlehem (1459–1461) in the Medici Palace, Florence
Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519), painter, sculptor, architect, musician, engineer and scientist. The supreme example of Renaissance genius. Author of Mona Lisa (c. 1503 – 1506)
Filippino Lippi (c. 1457–1504), painter. His most popular painting is the Apparition of the Virgin to St. Bernard altarpiece (1480)
Filippo Lippi (c. 1406–1469), painter. His finest fresco cycle is in Prato cathedral and depicts the lives of St. Stephen and St. John the Baptist
Gian Paolo Lomazzo (1538–1592), painter. His first work, Trattato dell'arte della pittura, scoltura et architettura (1584) is in part a guide to contemporary concepts of decorum
Lorenzo di Credi (1459–1537), painter and sculptor. Examples of his art are the Madonna with Child and Two Saints and Adoration
Lorenzo Monaco (c. 1370–c. 1425), painter, one of the leading artists in Florence at the beginning of the 15th century^[117]
Lorenzo Lotto (c. 1480–1556), painter known for his perceptive portraits and mystical paintings of religious subjects
Bernardino Luini (c. 1480/1482–1532), painter, known for his mythological and religious frescoes
Andrea Mantegna (c. 1431–1506), painter. His most important works were nine tempera pictures of Triumph of Caesar (c. 1486) and his decoration of the ceiling of the Camera degli Sposi
Masaccio (1401–1428), painter. His most famous works are the frescoes in the Brancacci Chapel and in the church of Santa Maria del Carmine, in Florence
Masolino da Panicale (c. 1383–c. 1447), painter of the Florentine school. He collaborated with Masaccio, in a cycle of frescoes in the Brancacci Chapel in Santa Maria del Carmine, in Florence
Melozzo da Forlì (c. 1438–1494), painter of the Umbrian school. One of the great fresco artists of the 15th century
Michelangelo (1475–1564), sculptor, painter, architect and poet who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art.^[118] Author of The Creation of Adam (c. 1511)
Moretto da Brescia (c. 1498–1554), painter. Together with Romanino and Girolamo Savoldo, he was one of the most distinguished painters of Brescia of the 16th century^[119]
Giovanni Battista Moroni (c. 1520/1524–1578), painter. He was known for his sober and dignified portraits
Palma Giovane (1548/1550–1628), painter. The leading Venetian painter and draftsman of the late 16th and early 17th centuries
Palma Vecchio (c. 1480–1528), painter of the High Renaissance, noted for the craftsmanship of his religious and mythological works
Parmigianino (1503–1540), painter, one of the first artists to develop the elegant and sophisticated version of Mannerist style
Perino del Vaga (1501–1547), painter. A pupil and assistant of Raphael Sanzio in Rome, he carried out decorations in the Logge of the Vatican from Raphael's designs
Francesco Pesellino (1422–1457), painter of the Florentine school who excelled in the execution of small-scale paintings
Piero della Francesca (c. 1415–1492), painter and mathematician. His most famous cycle, The History of the True Cross (1452–1466), depicts scenes from the Golden Legend
Piero di Cosimo (1462–1521), painter noted for his eccentric character and his fanciful mythological paintings^[120]
Pietro Perugino (1446–1524), painter. One of his most famous masterpieces is The Delivery of the Keys (1481–1482), in the Sistine Chapel
Pinturicchio (1454–1513), painter, known for his highly decorative frescoes. His most elaborate project was the decoration of the Cathedral of Siena
Pisanello (c. 1395–1455), medalist and painter. He is regarded as the foremost exponent of the International Gothic style in Italian painting^[121]
Polidoro da Caravaggio (c. 1499–1543), painter. One of the most original and innovative artists of the mid-16th century^[122]
Antonio del Pollaiolo (1429/1433–1498), painter, sculptor, goldsmith, and engraver, was a master of anatomical rendering and excelled in action subjects, notably mythologies
Pontormo (1494–1557), painter. He is thought to have painted Vertumnus and Pomona (1520–1521), which shows qualities characteristic of mannerism
Il Pordenone (c. 1484–1539), painter chiefly known for his frescoes of religious subjects
Francesco Primaticcio (1504–1570), painter, architect, sculptor, and leader of the first school of Fontainebleau^[123]
Francesco Raibolini (c. 1450–1517), painter, goldsmith and medallist. His major surviving paintings are altarpieces, mostly images of the Virgin and saints
Raphael (1483–1520), painter and architect, expressed the ideals of the High Renaissance, known for his Madonnas
Giulio Romano (c. 1499–1546), painter and architect. Well-known oils include The Stoning of St. Stephen (Church of Santo Stefano, Genoa) and Adoration of the Magi (Louvre)
Cosimo Rosselli (1439–1507), painter. Of his many works in Florence the most famous is The Miracle-working Chalice in Sant' Ambrogio, a work that includes many contemporary portraits^[124]
Andrea Schiavone (c. 1510/15–1563), painter and etcher. His most characteristic works were fairly small religious or mythological pictures for private patrons
Sebastiano del Piombo (c. 1485–1547), painter of the Venetian School, known for his portraits, including his portrayal of Pope Clement VII (1526)
Luca Signorelli (c. 1445–1523), painter, known for his nudes and for his novel compositional devices. His masterpiece is the fresco cycle in Orvieto Cathedral
Il Sodoma (1477–1549), painter, a master of the human figure and leading pupil of Leonardo da Vinci
Francesco Squarcione (c. 1395–after 1468), painter who founded the Paduan school and is known for being the teacher of Andrea Mantegna and other noteworthy painters^[125]
Taddeo di Bartolo (c. 1362–1422), painter. He was the leading painter in Siena in the first two decades of the 15th century and also worked in and for other cities^[126]
Antonio Tempesta (1555–1630), painter and engraver from Florence who specialised in pastoral scenes
Pellegrino Tibaldi (1527–1596), painter, sculptor, and architect who spread the style of Italian Mannerist painting in Spain during the late 16th century^[127]
Tintoretto (1518–1594), painter of the Venetian school. One of the most important artists of the late Renaissance. His works include St. George and the Dragon (1555)
Titian (c. 1488/1490–1576), painter of the Venetian school, noted for his religious and mythological works, such as Bacchus and Ariadne (1520–1523), and his portraits
Cosimo Tura (c. 1430–1495), painter who was the founder and the first significant figure of the 15th-century school of Ferrara^[128]
Paolo Uccello (1397–1475), painter. His three panels depicting The Battle of San Romano (1438), combine the decorative late Gothic style with the new heroic style of the early Renaissance
Bartolomeo Veneto (fl. 1502–1546), painter who worked in Northern Italy in an area bounded by Venice and Milan
Domenico Veneziano (c. 1410–1461), painter. In Florence he created his most celebrated work, the St. Lucy Altarpiece (c. 1445–1447)
Paolo Veronese (1528–1588), painter of the Venetian school, famous for paintings such as The Wedding at Cana (1563) and The Feast in the House of Levi (1573)
Alvise Vivarini (1442/1453–1503/1505), painter in the late Gothic style whose father, Antonio, was the founder of the influential Vivarini family of Venetian artists
Bartolomeo Vivarini (c. 1432–c. 1499), painter and member of the influential Vivarini family of Venetian artists
Federico Zuccari (c. 1540/1541–1609), painter and architect. He was the author of L'idea de' Pittori, Scultori, ed Architetti (1607)
Taddeo Zuccari (1529–1566), painter. One of the most popular members of the Roman mannerist school

Baroque and Rococo

Francesco Albani (1578–1660), painter, known for paintings of mythological and poetic subjects
Giacomo Alberelli (1600-1650), painter, pupil of Jacopo Palma the Younger
Cristofano Allori (1577–1621), painter. He became one of the foremost Florentine artists of the early Baroque period, also winning renown as a courtier, poet, musician and lover^[129]
Jacopo Amigoni (1682–1752), painter and etcher. His oeuvre includes decorative frescoes for churches and palaces, history and mythological paintings and a few etchings
Marcello Bacciarelli (1731–1818), painter working at the royal court in Warsaw, who captured seminal moments in Polish history on canvas
Sisto Badalocchio (1585–c. 1647), painter and engraver. His most important work are the frescoes in the cupola and pendentives of St. John the Baptist (Reggio Emilia)^[130]
Pompeo Batoni (1708–1787), painter
Bernardo Bellotto (1720–1780), painter of vedute ("view paintings")
Guido Cagnacci (1601–1663), painter. Particularly noteworthy are his altarpieces of the Virgin and Child with Three Carmelite Saints (c. 1631) and Christ with Saints Joseph and Eligius (1635)
Canaletto (1697–1768), painter and etcher, noted particularly for his highly detailed paintings of cities, esp Venice, which are marked by strong contrasts of light and shade
Battistello Caracciolo (1578–1635), painter. Caravaggesque painter and the founder of Neapolitan Caravaggism^[131]
Caravaggio (1571–1610), painter of the baroque whose influential works, such as The Entombment of Christ (1602–1603), are marked by intense realism and revolutionary use of light
Annibale Carracci (1560–1609), painter. Well known among his numerous works are The Beaneater (1580–1590), The Choice of Hercules (1596) and Domine quo vadis? (c. 1603)
Ludovico Carracci (1555–1619), painter, draughtsman and etcher born in Bologna
Rosalba Carriera (1675–1757), portrait painter and miniaturist,Rococo style, known for her work in pastels^[132]
Giuseppe Crespi (1665–1747), painter of the Bolognese school, known for the imposing paintings of the Seven Sacraments (1712)
Carlo Dolci (1616–1686), Florentine painter, known for his paintings of the heads and half-figures of Jesus and the Mater Dolorosa
Domenichino (1581–1641), painter of the baroque eclectic school who is noted for his religious and mythological works, including several frescoes of Saint Cecilia
Domenico Fetti (c. 1589–1623), painter whose best-known works are small representations of biblical parables
Giovanni Battista Gaulli (1639–1709), painter. He was a celebrated artist of the Roman High Baroque. Worship of the Holy Name of Jesus (1674–1679) is his most noted work
Artemisia Gentileschi (1593–1653), painter. Among her works may be cited Susanna and the Elders (1610) and Judith Slaying Holofernes (1614–1620)
Orazio Gentileschi (1563–1639), painter. The Annunciation (1623), painted in Genoa and now in the Galleria Sabauda of Turin, is considered by several authorities his masterpiece
Luca Giordano (1634–1705), painter, the most important Italian decorative artist of the second half of the 17th century
Francesco Guardi (1712–1793), painter, a follower of Canaletto. His many charming landscapes are in the galleries of London, Paris, Venice and Boston
Guercino (1591–1666), painter. Extremely skillful, prolific, and quick to finish his work, he was known for his frescoes, altarpieces, oils, and drawings
Giovanni Lanfranco (1582–1647), painter, one of the foremost artists of the High Baroque. His masterpiece is the Assumption of the Virgin in the dome of Sant'Andrea della Valle (1625–1627)
Pietro Longhi (1702–1785), painter, known for his small pictures depicting the life of upper-middle-class Venetians of his day
Alessandro Magnasco (1667–1749), painter, known for his scenes of disembodied, flame-like figures in stormy landscapes or cavernous interiors
Bartolomeo Manfredi (1582–1622), painter, active mainly in Rome, where he was one of the most important of Caravaggio's followers
Carlo Maratta (1625–1713), painter and engraver of the Roman school; one of the last great masters of Baroque classicism
Pietro Novelli (1603–1647), painter. Probably the most distinguished Sicilian painter of the 17th century^[133]
Giovanni Paolo Panini (1691–1765), the foremost painter of Roman topography in the 18th century^[134]
Giovanni Battista Piazzetta (1682–1754), painter, illustrator and designer. His most popular work is the celebrated Fortune Teller (1740)
Andrea Pozzo (1642–1709), painter, a leading exponent of the baroque style. His masterpiece is the nave ceiling of the Church of Sant'Ignazio in Rome
Mattia Preti (1613–1699), painter, called Il Calabrese for his birthplace. His most substantial undertaking was the decoration of St. John's, Valletta
Guido Reni (1575–1642), painter noted for the classical idealism of his renderings of mythological and religious subjects
Sebastiano Ricci (1659–1734), painter. He is remembered for his decorative paintings, which mark the transition between the late Baroque and the development of the Rococo style
Salvator Rosa (1615–1673), painter, etcher and poet, known for his spirited battle pieces painted in the style of Falcone, for his marines, and especially for his landscapes
Francesco Solimena (1657–1747), painter. The leading artist of the Neapolitan Baroque during the first half of the 18th century^[135]
Massimo Stanzione (c. 1586–c. 1656), painter. His style has a distinctive refinement and grace that has earned him the nickname "the Neapolitan Guido Reni."^[136]
Bernardo Strozzi (c. 1581–1644), painter
Giovanni Battista Tiepolo (1696–1770), painter. His frescoes in the Palazzo Labia and the doge's palace won him international fame
Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo (1727–1804), painter and printmaker. His most noted early works are the chinoiserie decorations of the Villa Valmarana in Vicenza (1757)

The 1800s

Giuseppe Abbati (1836–1868), painter of the macchiaioli group
Andrea Appiani (1754–1817), fresco painter active in Milan and a court painter of Napoleon
Giovanni Boldini (1842–1931), painter, one of the most renowned society portraitists of his day. He worked mainly in Paris, where he settled in 1872
Constantino Brumidi (1805–1880), Italian-American painter, whose best-known works are his frescoes in the Capitol building, Washington, D.C.
Vincenzo Camuccini (1771–1844), painter. His many drawings reveal a fluid technique and lively artistic imagination
Antonio Ciseri (1821–1891), painter of religious subjects
Giuseppe De Nittis (1846–1884), painter, mainly of landscapes and scenes of city life
Giacomo Di Chirico (1844–1883), painter. One of the most elite Neapolitan artists of the 19th century
Giovanni Fattori (1825–1908), painter; leading figure of the macchiaioli school
Francesco Hayez (1791–1882), painter, the leading artist of Romanticism in mid-19th-century Milan. His masterpiece is The Kiss (1859)
Cesare Maccari (1840–1919), painter and sculptor, most famous for his fresco at Palazzo Madama portraying Cicero revealing Catilina's plot (1888)
Giovanni Segantini (1858–1899), painter known for his Alpine landscapes and allegorical pictures, which blended Symbolist content with the technique of Neo-Impressionism

The 1900s

Pietro Annigoni (1910–1988), painter (and occasional sculptor), the only artist of his time to become internationally famous as a society and state portraitist^[137]
Giacomo Balla (1871–1958), painter, sculptor, stage designer, decorative artist and actor. He was one of the originators of Futurism
Umberto Boccioni (1882–1916), painter, sculptor and theorist. His painting The City Rises (1910) is a dynamic composition of swirling human figures in a fragmented crowd scene
Alberto Burri (1915–1995), painter and sculptor. He was one of the first artists to exploit the evocative force of waste materials, looking forward to Trash art in America and Arte Povera in Italy
Aldo Carpi (1886–1973), rector of the Brera Academy and author of a collection of memoirs concerning his imprisonment in the infamous Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp.
Carlo Carrà (1881–1966), painter, known for his still lifes in the style of Metaphysical painting
Nicoletta Ceccoli, children's book illustrator
Francesco Clemente (born 1952), painter and draftsman whose dramatic figural imagery was a major component in the revitalization of Italian art beginning in the 1980s
Enzo Cucchi (born 1949), painter, draughtsman and sculptor. He was a key member of the Italian Transavantgarde movement
Giorgio de Chirico (1888–1978), painter. He founded the scuola metafisica art movement. Guillaume Apollinaire called him the most astonishing painter of his time."^[138]
Lazzaro Donati (1926–1977), painter. Born in Florence and attended the Academy of Fine Arts. He began to paint in 1953, and in 1955 held his first exhibition at the Indiano Gallery in Florence.
Lucio Fontana (1899–1968), painter, sculptor and theorist, founder of Spatialism, noted for gashed monochrome paintings
Renato Guttuso (1911–1987), painter. He was a forceful personality and Italy's leading exponent of Social realism in the 20th century
Piero Manzoni (1933–1963), artist. He is regarded as one of the forerunners of Arte Povera and Conceptual art
Amedeo Modigliani (1884–1920), painter and sculptor whose portraits and nudes, characterized by asymmetrical compositions, are among the most important portraits of the 20th century^[139]
Giorgio Morandi (1890–1964), painter and etcher. He is widely acknowledged as a major Italian painter of the 20th century
Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpedo (1868–1907), painter. His most famous work is The Fourth Estate (1901); a symbol of the 20th
Giovanni Pelliccioli (1947), surrealist painter. In 1993 he created a new form in the world of the artistic painting - the "triangle"
Luigi Russolo (1885–1947), painter. One of the five signers of the basic 1910 "Manifesto of Futurist Painting" before switching his attention to music
Emilio Scanavino (1922–1986), painter and sculptor. One of the most important protagonists of the Spatialist movement in Italy^[140]
Gino Severini (1883–1966), painter who synthesized the styles of Futurism and Cubism
Mario Sironi (1885–1961), painter, sculptor, illustrator and designer. He was the leading artist of the Novecento Italiano group in the 1920s, developing a muscular, monumental figurative style

Printers

Panfilo Castaldi (c. 1398–c. 1490), physician and "master of the art of printing", to whom local tradition attributes the invention of moveable type
Fortunato Felice (1723–1789), printer, publisher and scientist. Settled in Yverdon where he published a version of the Encyclopédie (1770–1780)
Francesco Franceschi (c. 1530–c. 1599), printer. Known for the high quality of his engravings, which were done using metal plates rather than wooden
Gabriele Giolito de' Ferrari (c. 1508–1578), bookseller, printer and editor at Venice. He was one of the first major publishers of literature in the vernacular Italian language
Johannes Philippus de Lignamine (c. 1420–?), printer and publisher, known for his publication of Herbarium Apuleii Platonici (1481)
Aldus Manutius (1449–1515), printer, noted for his fine editions of the classics. Inventor of the italic type (1501) and also the first to use the semicolon
Aldus Manutius the Younger (1547–1597), printer, last member of the Italian family of Manutius to be active in the famous Aldine Press
Giovanni Battista Pasquali (1702–1784), printer, a leading printer in 18th-century Venice
Pietro Perna (1519–1582), printer, the leading printer of late Renaissance Basel
Ottaviano Petrucci (1466–1539), printer. Inventor of movable metal type for printing mensural and polyphonic music
Lawrence Torrentinus (1499–1563), typographer and printer for Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany

Printmakers

Domenico Campagnola (c. 1500–1564), painter and printmaker and one of the first professional draftsmen
Giulio Campagnola (c. 1482–c. 1515), painter and engraver who anticipated by over two centuries the development of stipple engraving^[141]
Agostino Carracci (1557–1602), painter and printmaker. He was the brother of the more famous Annibale and cousin of Lodovico Carracci
Stefano della Bella (1610–1664), printmaker noted for his engravings of military events, in the manner of Jacques Callot
Marcantonio Raimondi (c. 1480–c. 1534), engraver, known for being the first important printmaker. He is therefore a key figure in the rise of the reproductive print
Mario Labacco (active 1551–67), engraver
Francesco Rosselli (1445–before 1513), miniature painter, and an important engraver of maps and old master prints
Ugo da Carpi (c. 1480–between 1520 and 1532), painter and printmaker, the first Italian practitioner of the art of the chiaroscuro woodcut^[142]

Saints

Agatha of Sicily (fl. 3rd century AD), legendary Christian saint, martyred under Roman Emperor Decius. She is invoked against outbreaks of fire and is the patron saint of bell makers
Agnes of Rome (c. 291–c. 304), legendary Christian martyr, the patron saint of girls
Robert Bellarmine (1542–1621), theologian, cardinal, Doctor of the Church, and a principal influence in the Counter-Reformation
Bernardine of Siena (1380–1444), preacher. He was a Franciscan of the Observant congregation and one of the most effective and most widely known preachers of his day^[143]
Charles Borromeo (1538–1584), cardinal and archbishop. He was one of the leaders of the Counter-Reformation
John Bosco (1815–1888), Catholic priest, pioneer in educating the poor and founder of the Salesian Order
Catherine of Siena (1347–1380), Dominican tertiary, mystic, and patron saint of Italy who played a major role in returning the papacy from Avignon to Rome (1377)
Saint Cecilia (2nd century AD), patron saint of musicians and Church music. Venerated in both East and West, she is one of the eight women commemorated by name in the Canon of the Mass
Francis of Paola (1416–1507), mendicant friar. The founder of the Minims, a religious order in the Catholic Church
Hippolytus of Rome (170–235), Christian martyr who was also the first antipope (217/218–235)
Januarius (?–c. 305), Bishop and martyr, sometimes called Gennaro, long popular because of the liquefaction of his blood on his feast day
Lawrence of Brindisi (1559–1619), Capuchin friar. He was one of the leading polemicists of the Counter-Reformation in Germany
Saint Longinus (1st century AD), Roman soldier who pierced Jesus's side with a spear as he hung on the cross
Saint Lucy (283–304), Christian martyr. She is the patron saint of the city of Syracuse (Sicily)
Philip Neri (1515–1595), priest. The founder of the Congregation of the Oratory, a congregation of secular priests and clerics
Pio of Pietrelcina (1887–1968), Capuchin priest. He is renowned among Roman Catholics as one of the Church's modern stigmatists
Rita of Cascia (1381–1457), Augustinian nun
Saint Rosalia (1130–1166), hermitess, greatly venerated at Palermo and in the whole of Sicily of which she in patroness
Roger of Cannae (1060–1129), Bishop
Saint Valentine (3rd century AD), according to tradition, he is the patron saint of courtship, travelers, and young people
Vitus (c. 290–c. 303), Christian saint. He is counted as one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers of the Catholic Church

Scientists

Main article: List of Italian scientists

Maria Gaetana Agnesi (1718–1799), linguist, mathematician and philosopher, considered to be the first woman in the Western world to have achieved a reputation in mathematics^[144]
Ulisse Aldrovandi (1522–1605), naturalist, noted for his systematic and accurate observations of animals, plants and minerals
Giovanni Battista Amici (1786–1863), astronomer and microscopist. The inventor of the catadioptric microscope^[145] (presented at the Arts and Industry Exhibition in Milan in 1812)
Giovanni Arduino (1714–1795), father of Italian geology, who established bases for stratigraphic chronology by classifying the four main layers of the Earth's crust^[146]
Silvano Arieti (1914–1981), psychiatrist and psychoanalyst long recognized as a leading authority on schizophrenia
Gaspare Aselli (c. 1581–1625), physician who contributed to the knowledge of the circulation of body fluids by discovering the lacteal vessels^[147]
Roberto Assagioli (1888–1974), psychiatrist and psychologist. The founder of the healing system known as psychosynthesis
Gjuro Baglivi (1668–1707), physician and scientist. He published the first clinical description of pulmonary edema and made classic observations on the histology and physiology of muscle
Franco Basaglia (1924–1980), psychiatrist. He was the promoter of an important reform in the Italian mental health system, the "legge 180/78" (law number 180, year 1978)
Agostino Bassi (1773–1856), entomologist. The first person to succeed in the experimental transmission of a contagious disease
Laura Bassi (1711–1778), scientist who was the first woman to become a physics professor at a European university^[148]
Jacopo Berengario da Carpi (c. 1460–c. 1530), physician and anatomist who was the first to describe the heart valves^[149]
Giulio Bizzozero (1846–1901), anatomist. He is known as the original discoverer of Helicobacter pylori (1893)
Enrico Bombieri (born 1940), mathematician who was awarded the Fields Medal in 1974 for his work in number theory
Claudio Bordignon (born 1950), biologist, performed the first procedure of gene therapy using stem cells as gene vectors (1992)
Giovanni Alfonso Borelli (1608–1679), physiologist and physicist who was the first to explain muscular movement and other body functions according to the laws of statics and dynamics
Giacomo Bresadola (1847–1929), clergyman and a prolific and influential mycologist
Francesco Brioschi (1824–1897), mathematician, known for his contributions to the theory of algebraic equations and to the applications of mathematics to hydraulics
Giuseppe Brotzu (1895–1976), physician, famous for having discovered the cephalosporin (1948)
Tito Livio Burattini (1617–1681), mathematician, in his book Misura Universale, published in 1675, first suggested the name meter as the name for a unit of length
Nicola Cabibbo (1935–2010), physicist who reconciled these strange-particle decays with the universality of weak interactions
Leopoldo Marco Antonio Caldani (1725–1813), anatomist and physiologist. He is noted for his experimental studies on the function of the spinal cord
Temistocle Calzecchi-Onesti (1853–1922), physicist, invented a tube filled with iron filings, called a "coherer" (1884)
Tommaso Campailla (1668–1740), physician, philosopher and poet, inventor of "vapour stovens" that he used to fight syphilis rheumatism
Giuseppe Campani (1635–1715), optician and astronomer who invented a lens-grinding lathe^[150]
Stanislao Cannizzaro (1826–1910), chemist, in 1858 put an end to confusion over values to be attributed to atomic weights, using Avogadro's hypothesis
Federico Capasso (born 1949), physicist, one of the inventors of the quantum cascade laser (QCL) in 1994
Mario Capecchi (born 1937), molecular geneticist, famous for having contribution to development of "knockout mice" (1989)
Gerolamo Cardano (1501–1576), mathematician and physician; initiated the general theory of cubic and quartic equations. He emphasized the need for both negative and complex numbers
Antonio Cardarelli (1831–1926), physician remembered for describing Cardarelli's sign
Antonio Carini (1872–1950), physician and bacteriologist who discovered Pneumocystis carinii, which is responsible for recurrent pneumonia in patients with AIDS
Francesco Carlini (1783–1862), astronomer. Worked in the field of celestial mechanics, improved the theory of the motion of the Moon
Giovanni Caselli (1815–1891), physicist, inventor of the pantelegraph (1861)
Giovanni Domenico Cassini (1625–1712), mathematician, astronomer, engineer and astrologer who was the first to observe four of Saturn's moons
Bonaventura Cavalieri (1598–1647), mathematician. He invented the method of indivisibles (1635) that foreshadowed integral calculus
Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza (born 1922), population geneticist, currently teaching since 1970 as emeritus professor at Stanford University. One of the most important geneticists of the 20th century
Tiberius Cavallo (1749–1809), physicist and natural philosopher who wrote on the early experiments with electricity. He was known contemporaneously as the inventor of Cavallo's multiplier
Ugo Cerletti (1877–1963), neurologist, co-inventor with Lucio Bini, of the method of electroconvulsive therapy in psychiatry
Vincenzo Cerulli (1859–1927), astronomer. The author of the idea that the canali are just a special kind of optical illusion
Andrea Cesalpino (1519–1603), physician, philosopher and botanist, produced the first scientific classification of plants and animals by genera and species
Ernesto Cesàro (1859–1906), mathematician. In 1880 he developed methods of finding the sum of divergent series. Cesàro made important contributions to intrinsic geometry
Giacinto Cestoni (1637–1718), naturalist, studied fleas and algae, and showed that scabies is provoked by Sarcoptes scabiei (1689)
Vincenzo Chiarugi (1759–1820), physician who introduced humanitarian reforms to the psychiatric hospital care of people with mental disorders
Realdo Colombo (c. 1516–1559), one of the first anatomists in the Western world to describe pulmonary circulation
Orso Mario Corbino (1876–1937), physicist and politician, discovered modulation calorimetry and Corbino effect, a variant of the Hall effect
Alfonso Giacomo Gaspare Corti (1822–1876), anatomist, known for his discoveries on the anatomical structure of the ear
Domenico Cotugno (1736–1822), physician. He discovered albuminuria (about a half century before Richard Bright) and was also one of the first scientists to identify urea in human urine
Alessandro Cruto (1847–1908), inventor who improved on Thomas Alva Edison incandescent light bulb with carbon filament (1881)
Bruno de Finetti (1906–1985), probabilist, statistician and actuary, noted for the "operational subjective" conception of probability
Annibale de Gasparis (1819–1892), astronomer, his first asteroid discovery was 10 Hygiea in 1849. Between 1850 and 1865, he discovered eight more asteroids
Ennio de Giorgi (1928–1996), mathematician. He brilliantly resolved the 19th Hilbert problem. Today, this contribution is known as the De Giorgi-Nash Theorem
Mondino de Liuzzi (c. 1270–1326), physician and anatomist whose Anathomia corporis humani (MS. 1316; first printed in 1478) was the first modern work on anatomy
Francesco de Vico (1805–1848), astronomer. He discovered a number of comets, including periodic comets 54P/de Vico-Swift-NEAT and 122P/de Vico
Giambattista della Porta (c. 1535–1615), scholar and polymath, known for his work Magia Naturalis (1558), which dealt with alchemy, magic, and natural philosophy
Ulisse Dini (1845–1918), mathematician and politician whose most important work was on the theory of functions of real variables
Eustachio Divini (1610–1685), physician and astronomer; maker of clocks and lenses (1646), innovative compound microscope (1648)
Giovanni Battista Donati (1826–1873), astronomer. He becomes one of the first to systematically adapt the new science of spectroscopy to astronomy
Giovanni Dondi dell'Orologio (1330–1388), doctor and clock-maker at Padua, son of Jacopo Dondi, builder of the Astrarium
Jacopo Dondi dell'Orologio (1293–1359), doctor and clock-maker at Padua, father of Giovanni
Angelo Dubini (1813–1902), physician who identified Ancylostoma duodenale (1838)
Girolamo Segato (1792–1836), egyptologist and anatomist, best known for his unique work in the petrifaction of human cadavers.
Renato Dulbecco (born 1914), virologist, known for his brilliant work with two viruses that can transform animal cells into a cancer-like state in the test tube
Federigo Enriques (1871–1946), mathematician, known principally as the first to give a classification of algebraic surfaces in birational geometry
Vittorio Erspamer (1909–1999), pharmacologist and chemist, famous for having discovered the serotonin (1935) and octopamine (1948)
Bartolomeo Eustachi (1500 or 1514–1574), anatomist. He described many structures in the human body, including the Eustachian tube of the ear
Francesco Faà di Bruno (1825–1888), mathematician, known for the Faà di Bruno formula (1855, 1857)
Hieronymus Fabricius (1537–1619), anatomist and surgeon, called the founder of modern embryology
Gabriele Falloppio (1523–1562), anatomist and physician. His important discoveries include the fallopian tubes, leading from uterus to ovaries
Enrico Fermi (1901–1954), physicist, constructed the world's first nuclear reactor (1942), initiated the atomic age; father of atom bomb^[151]
Lodovico Ferrari (1522–1565), mathematician, famous for having discovered the solution of the general quartic equation
Galileo Ferraris (1847–1897), physicist and electrical engineer, noted for the discovery of the rotating magnetic field, basic working principle of the induction motor
Amarro Fiamberti (?–?), psychiatrist who first performed a transorbital lobotomy (by accessing the frontal lobe of the brain through the orbits) in 1937
Leonardo Fibonacci (c. 1170–c. 1250), mathematician, eponym of the Fibonacci number sequence. He is considered to be the most talented Western mathematician of the Middle Ages.^[152]
Quirico Filopanti (1812–1894), mathematician and politician. In his book Miranda! (1858), he was the first to propose universal time and worldwide standard time zones 21 years before Sandford Fleming
Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia (1499–1557), mathematician who originated the science of ballistics^[153]
Carlo Forlanini (1847–1918), physician, inventor of artificial pneumothorax (1882) for treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis
Girolamo Fracastoro (1478–1553), physician and scholar, the first to state the germ theory of infection and is regarded as the founder of scientific epidemiology
Guido Fubini (1879–1943), mathematician, eponym of Fubini's theorem in measure theory
Galileo Galilei (1564–1642), physicist and astronomer. The founder of modern science who accurately described heliocentric solar system^[154]
Luigi Galvani (1737–1798), physician and physicist, noted for his discovery of animal electricity
Agostino Gemelli (1878–1959), physician, psychologist, and priest, founder of a university and eponym of the Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic
Luca Ghini (1490–1556), physician and botanist, best known as the creator of the first recorded herbarium and founder of the world's first botanical garden^[155]
Riccardo Giacconi (born 1931), astrophysicist, called the father of X-ray astronomy
Clelia Giacobini (1931–2010), microbiologist, a pioneer of microbiology applied to conservation-restoration
Corrado Gini (1884–1965), statistician, demographer and sociologist, developer of Gini coefficient
Camillo Golgi (1843–1926), histologist noted for work on the structure of the nervous system and for his discovery of Golgi apparatus (1897)
Luigi Guido Grandi (1671–1742), philosopher, mathematician and engineer, known for studying the rose curve, a curve which has the shape of a petalled flower, and for Grandi's series
Giovanni Battista Grassi (1854–1925), zoologist who discovered that mosquitoes were responsible for transmitting malaria between humans
Francesco Maria Grimaldi (1618–1663), physicist and mathematician, noted for his discoveries in the field of optics, he was the first to describe the diffraction of light
Nicola Guarino (born 1954), scientist, co-inventor with Chris Welty, of the OntoClean, the first methodology for formal ontological analysis
Guido da Vigevano (c. 1280–c. 1349), physician and inventor who became one of the first writers to include illustrations in a work on anatomy^[156]
Giovanni Battista Hodierna (1597–1660), astronomer. He was one of the first to create a catalog of celestial objects with a telescope
Arturo Issel (1842–1922), geologist, palaeontologist, malacologist and archaeologist. He is noted for first defining the Tyrrhenian Stage (1914)
Joseph-Louis Lagrange (1736–1813), Italian-French who made major contributions to mathematics and physics
Giovanni Maria Lancisi (1654–1720), clinician and anatomist who is considered the first modern hygienist^[157]
Rita Levi-Montalcini (born 1909), neurologist, famous for having discovered the nerve growth factor (NGF)
Aloysius Lilius (c. 1510–1576), astronomer and physician. The principal author of the Gregorian Calendar (1582)
Salvador Luria (1912–1991), microbiologist. He shared a 1969 Nobel Prize for investigating the mechanism of viral infection in living cells
Giovanni Antonio Magini (1555–1617), astronomer, astrologer, cartographer and mathematician, known for his reduced size edition of Ptolemy's Geographiae (1596)
Ettore Majorana (1906–1938), theoretical physicist. He is noted for the eponymous Majorana equation
Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694), physician and biologist. He is regarded as the founder of microscopic anatomy and may be regarded as the first histologist^[158]
Massimo Marchiori (?–?), computer scientist who made major contributions to the development of the World Wide Web. He was also the creator of HyperSearch
Guglielmo Marconi (1874–1937), physicist, credited as the inventor of radio, often called the father of wireless communication and technology (1896)^[159]
Macedonio Melloni (1798–1854), physicist, demonstrated that radiant heat has similar physical properties to those of light
Giuseppe Mercalli (1850–1914), volcanologist and seismologist, inventor of the Mercalli intensity scale (1902)
Franco Modigliani (1918–2003), economist and educator who received the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1985 for his work on household savings and the dynamics of financial markets
Geminiano Montanari (1633–1687), astronomer. Today, it is better known for his discovery of the variability of the star Algol (c. 1667)
Maria Montessori (1870–1952), physician and educator. The innovative educational method that bears her name (1907) is now spread in 22,000 schools in at least 110 countries worldwide^[160]
Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1682–1771), anatomist, called the founder of pathologic anatomy
Angelo Mosso (1846–1910), physiologist who created the first crude neuroimaging technique
Giulio Natta (1903–1979), chemist, famous for having discovered isotactic polypropylene (1954) and polymers (1957)
Adelchi Negri (1876–1912), pathologist and microbiologist who identified what later became known as Negri bodies (1903) in the brains of animals and humans infected with the rabies virus
Leopoldo Nobili (1784–1835), physicist, designed the first precision instrument for measuring electric current (1825)
Giuseppe Occhialini (1907–1993), physicist, contributed to the discovery of the pion or pi-meson decay in 1947, with César Lattes and Cecil Frank Powell
Barnaba Oriani (1752–1832), astronomer. Great scholar of orbital theories
Filippo Pacini (1812–1883), anatomist who isolated the Vibrio cholerae (1854) ; the bacteria that causes cholera
Antonio Pacinotti (1841–1912), physicist, inventor of the dynamo (1858) and electric motor (1858)
Luca Pacioli (1446/7–1517), mathematician and founder of accounting. He popularized the system of double bookkeeping for keeping financial records and is often known as the father of modern accounting
Ferdinando Palasciano (1815–1891), physician and politician, considered one of the forerunners of the foundation of the Red Cross
Luigi Palmieri (1807–1896), physicist and meteorologist, inventor of the mercury seismometer
Pier Paolo Pandolfi (born 1963), geneticist, discovered the genes underlying acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL)^[161]
Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923), engineer, sociologist, economist, and philosopher, eponym of Pareto distribution, Pareto efficiency, Pareto index and Pareto principle
Giorgio Parisi (born 1948), theoretical physicist, called the father of the modern field of chaos theory
Emanuele Paternò (1847–1935), chemist, discoverer of the Paternò–Büchi reaction (1909)
Giuseppe Peano (1858–1932), mathematician and a founder of symbolic logic whose interests centred on the foundations of mathematics and on the development of a formal logical language
Gaetano Perusini (1879–1915), physician, remembered for his contribution to the description of Alzheimer's
Giuseppe Piazzi (1746–1826), mathematician and astronomer who discovered (1 January 1801) and named the first asteroid, or "minor planet", Ceres
Raffaele Piria (1814–1865), chemist. The first to successfully synthesize salicylic acid (1839);^[162] the active ingredient in aspirin
Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana (1781–1864), astronomer and mathematician. The founder of the Observatory of Turin
Edoardo Amaldi (1908–1989), cosmic-ray physicist, one of the founding fathers of European space research, led the founding of the CERN, the ESRO and later the European Space Agency (ESA)^[163]
Bernardino Ramazzini (1633–1714), physician, considered a founder of occupational medicine^[164]
Francesco Redi (1626–1697), physician who demonstrated that the presence of maggots in putrefying meat does not result from spontaneous generation but from eggs laid on the meat by flies
Jacopo Riccati (1676–1754), mathematician, known in connection with his problem, called Riccati's equation, published in the Acla eruditorum (1724)^[165]
Matteo Ricci (1552–1610), missionary to China, mathematician, linguist and published the first Chinese edition of Euclid's Elements
Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro (1853–1925), mathematician, inventor of tensor analysis collaborator with Tullio Levi-Civita
Giovanni Battista Riccioli (1598–1671), astronomer, devised the system for the nomenclature of lunar features that is now the international standard
Augusto Righi (1850–1920), physicist who played an important role in the development of electromagnetism
Scipione Riva-Rocci (1863–1937), internist and pediatrician. The inventor of the first mercury sphygmomanometer
Rogerius (before 1140–c. 1195), surgeon who wrote a work on medicine entitled Practica Chirurgiae ("The Practice of Surgery") around 1180
Gian Domenico Romagnosi (1761–1835), philosopher, economist and jurist, famous for having discovered the same link between electricity and magnetism
Bruno Rossi (1905–1993), experimental physicist. An authority on cosmic rays^[166]
Carlo Rubbia (born 1934), physicist who in 1984 shared with Simon van der Meer the Nobel Prize for Physics for the discovery of the massive, short-lived subatomic W particle and Z particle
Paolo Ruffini (1765–1822), mathematician and physician who made studies of equations that anticipated the algebraic theory of groups
Giovanni Girolamo Saccheri (1667–1733), philosopher and mathematician who did early work on non-Euclidean geometry, although he didn't see it as such
Sanctorius (1561–1636), physiologist and physician. He laid the foundation for the study of metabolism
Antonio Scarpa (1752–1832), anatomist, famous for the anatomical eponyms Scarpa triangle and Scarpa ganglion of the ear
Giovanni Schiaparelli (1835–1910), astronomer and science historian who first observed lines on the surface of Mars, which he described as canals
Angelo Secchi (1818–1878), astronomer. He is known especially for his work in spectroscopy and was a pioneer in classifying stars by their spectra
Emilio Segrè (1905–1989), physicist, known for his discovery of the antiproton
Francesco Selmi (1817–1881), chemist. One of the founders of colloid chemistry
Enrico Sertoli (1842–1910), physiologist and histologist. The discoverer of the cells of the seminiferous tubules of the testis that bear his name (1865)
Ascanio Sobrero (1812–1888), chemist, famous for having discovered the synthesis of nitroglycerine (1846)
Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729–1799), biologist and physiologist, called the father of artificial insemination (done at Pavia in 1784)
Francesco Stelluti (1577–1652), polymath who worked in the fields of mathematics, microscopy, literature and astronomy; in 1625 he published the first accounts of microscopic observation
Gasparo Tagliacozzi (1546–1599), plastic surgeon. He is considered a pioneer in the field; called the father of plastic surgery
Roberto Assagioli (1888–1974), psychiatrist and psychologist. The founder of the healing system known as psychosynthesis
Gjuro Baglivi (1668–1707), physician and scientist. He published the first clinical description of pulmonary edema and made classic observations on the histology and physiology of muscle
Franco Basaglia (1924–1980), psychiatrist. He was the promoter of an important reform in the Italian mental health system, the "legge 180/78" (law number 180, year 1978)
Agostino Bassi (1773–1856), entomologist. The first person to succeed in the experimental transmission of a contagious disease
Vincenzo Tiberio (1869–1915), physician and researcher. He was one of many scientist to notice the antibacterial power of some types of mold before Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin^[167]
Laura Bassi (1711–1778), scientist who was the first woman to become a physics professor at a European university
Giuseppe Toaldo (1719–1797), physicist, gave special attention to the study of atmospheric electricity and to the means of protecting buildings against lightning
Evangelista Torricelli (1608–1647), physicist and mathematician, inventor of the barometer (1643)
Trotula (11th–12th centuries), physician who wrote several influential works on women's medicine; whose texts on gynecology and obstetrics were widely used for several hundred years in Europe
Pellegrino Turri (?–?), has built the first typewriter proven to have worked in 1808. He also invented carbon paper (1806)
Carlo Urbani (1956–2003), physician. The first person to discover severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 1998
Antonio Vallisneri (1661–1730), physician and naturalist who made numerous experiments in entomology and human organology, and combated the doctrine of spontaneous generation
Antonio Maria Valsalva (1666–1723), professor of anatomy at Bologna. He described several anatomical features of the ear in his book, De aure humana tractatus (1704)
Costanzo Varolio (1543–1575), is remembered for his studies on the anatomy of the brain, and his description of the pons that bears his name
Gabriele Veneziano (born 1942), theoretical physicist and a founder of string theory
Giovanni Battista Venturi (1746–1822), physicist. He was the discoverer and eponym of Venturi effect
Emilio Veratti (1872–1967), anatomist who described the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Alessandro Volta (1745–1827), electricity pioneer, eponym of the volt, inventor of the electric battery (1800)^[168]
Vito Volterra (1860–1940), mathematician and physicist who strongly influenced the modern development of calculus
Giuseppe Zamboni (1776–1846), physicist who invented the Zamboni pile (1812); a model of dry battery
Francesco Zantedeschi (1797–1873), physicist who published papers (1829, 1830) on the production of electric currents in closed circuits by the approach and withdrawal of a magnet
Niccolò Zucchi (1586–1670), astronomer and physicist. May have been the first to observe belts on the planet Jupiter with a telescope (on 17 May 1630), also claimed to have explored the idea of a reflecting telescope in 1616, predating Galileo Galilei and Giovanni Francesco Sagredo's discussions of the same idea a few years later.^[169]
Giovanni Battista Zupi (c. 1590–1650), astronomer and mathematician. The first person to discover that the planet Mercury had orbital phases
Nazareno Strampelli (1866–1942), geneticist and agronomist, whose innovative scientific work in wheat breeding 30 years earlier than Borlaug laid the foundations for the Green Revolution^[170]

Sculptors

Agostino di Duccio (1418–c. 1481), sculptor whose work is characterized by its linear decorativeness
Giovanni Antonio Amadeo (c. 1447–1522), sculptor, architect and engineer; he took part in the sculpture of the great octagonal dome of Milan Cathedral
Bartolomeo Ammanati (1511–1592), sculptor and architect; his works, the two members of the del Monte family and the Fountains of Juno and Neptune, are generally considered his masterpieces
Benedetto Antelami (c. 1150–c. 1230), sculptor and architect. He is credited with the sculptural decorations of Fidenza Cathedral and Ferrara Cathedral
Andrea di Alessandro 16th century, sculptor; responsible for the bronze candelabra in the Santa Maria della Salute church.
Arnolfo di Cambio (c. 1240–1300/1310), sculptor and architect; his sculptures have a strong sense of volume that shows the influence on him of antique Roman models
Bartolommeo Bandinelli (1493–1560), sculptor and painter; his most famous and conspicuous sculpture is Hercules and Cacus (1527–34), a pendant to Michelangelo's David
Lorenzo Bartolini (1777–1850), sculptor; his most imposing creation is the Nicola Demidoff monument in Florence
Benedetto da Maiano (1442–1497), sculptor and architect; whose work is characterized by its decorative elegance and realistic detail^[171]
Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598–1680), sculptor and architect during the Baroque period; works include Apollo and Daphne (1622–25) and Ecstasy of Saint Theresa (1647–1652)
Umberto Boccioni (1882–1916), painter and sculptor. The leading theorist of futurist art; his sculpture, Unique Forms of Continuity in Space (1913) is generally considered his masterpiece
Antonio Canova (1757–1822), sculptor. Leading exponent of the neoclassical school; works include Psyche Revived by Cupid's Kiss (1787–93, 1800–03)
Benvenuto Cellini (1500–1571), goldsmith, medallist, sculptor and writer. He was one of the foremost Italian Mannerist artists of the 16th century^[172]
Vincenzo Danti (1530–1576), sculptor, architect, and writer, born in Perugia and active mainly in Florence
Andrea della Robbia (1435–1525), sculptor; known for Crucifixion and the Assumption of the Virgin at La Verna
Desiderio da Settignano (c. 1430–1464), sculptor; his delicate, sensitive, original technique was best expressed in portrait busts of women and children
Donatello (c. 1386–1466), sculptor, pioneer of the Renaissance style of natural, lifelike figures, such as the bronze statue David (c. 1440)
Giovanni Battista Foggini (1652–1725), sculptor and architect; the foremost Florentine sculptor of the late Baroque period
Domenico Gagini (1420–1492), sculptor. Although he worked at times in Florence and Rome, he is known for his activity in northern Italy
Silvio Gazzaniga (born 1921), sculptor. His major works includes FIFA World Cup Trophy, UEFA Europa League trophy and UEFA Supercup trophy
Vincenzo Gemito (1852–1929), Italian sculptor, draughtsmen
Lorenzo Ghiberti (1378–1455), sculptor, goldsmith and designer active in Florence
Giambologna (1529–1608), sculptor in the mannerist style; works include Fountain of Neptune (1563–67) and The Rape of the Sabine Women (1574–80)
Jacopo della Quercia (c. 1374–1438), sculptor; he is especially noted for his imposing allegorical figures for the Gaia Fountain in Siena
Cesare Lapini (1848–after 1890), sculptor; noted for both small marbles and larger work
Francesco Laurana (c. 1430–1502), sculptor; known for his portrait busts of women, characterized by serene, detached dignity and aristocratic elegance^[173]
Leone Leoni (1509–1590), sculptor and medalist; his most important works were kneeling bronze figures of Charles V and Philip II, with their families, for the sanctuary in the Escorial^[174]
Tullio Lombardo (1460–1532), sculptor; he is noted for the mausoleum of Doge Pietro Mocenigo in Santi Giovanni e Paolo and for other tombs, including that of Dante at Ravenna
Stefano Maderno (c. 1576–1636), sculptor. He was one of the leading sculptors in Rome during the papacy of Paul V (1605–1621)^[175]
Giacomo Manzù (1908–1991), sculptor; known for his relief sculptures, which give contemporary dimensions to Christian themes
Marino Marini (1901–1980), sculptor; known for his many vigorous sculptures of horses and horsemen (e.g., Horse and Rider, 1952–53)
Arturo Martini (1889–1947), sculptor who was active between the World Wars. He is known for figurative sculptures executed in a wide variety of styles and materials
Michelangelo (1475–1564), sculptor and painter; one of the most famous artists in history; creations include Pietà (1499) and David (1504)
Mino da Fiesole (c. 1429–1484), sculptor; he is noted for his portrait busts
Giovanni Angelo Montorsoli (c. 1506 – 1563), sculptor of the Michelangelesque school, and seems to have acted as assistant to Michelangelo
Nanni di Banco (c. 1384–1421), sculptor; the classically influenced Four Crowned Martyrs (c. 1415) is considered his masterpiece
Niccolò dell'Arca (c. 1435/1440–1494), sculptor. The Ragusa, Bari, and Apulia variants of his name suggest that he might have come from southern Italy
Andrea Pisano (1290–1348), sculptor; his most important work, the first bronze doors of the Baptistery in Florence, was begun in 1330
Giovanni Pisano (c. 1250–c. 1315), sculptor, painter and architect; his most famous work is the Pulpit of St. Andrew (1301)
Nicola Pisano (1220/1225–1284), sometimes considered to be the founder of modern sculpture
Arnaldo Pomodoro (born 1926), sculptor; one of the most famous contemporary artists
Luca della Robbia (1399/1400–1482), sculptor, the most famous member of a family of artists. Two of his famous works are The Nativity (c. 1460) and Madonna and Child (c. 1475)
Bernardo Rossellino (1409–1464), sculptor and architect. He was among the most distinguished Florentine marble sculptors in the second half of the 15th century
Giuseppe Sanmartino (1720–1793), sculptor; his masterpiece in this genre is the four Virtues of Charles of Bourbon (1763–4)
Andrea Sansovino (c. 1467–1529), sculptor; his statues and reliefs for church decoration, such as the Virgin and Child with St. Anne (1512) at San Agostino, were greatly admired
Pietro Torrigiano (1472–1528), sculptor; his gilt bronze masterpiece, the tomb of King Henry VII and his queen, is preserved in Westminster Abbey
Vecchietta (1410–1480), painter, sculptor, goldsmith, architect and military engineer. One of the most influential artists of the early Renaissance
Alessandro Vittoria (1525–1608), sculptor. He was celebrated for his portrait busts and decorative work, much of which was created for the restoration of the Doge's Palace

Sport people

Tony Cairoli (born 1985), an eight-time Grand Prix motocross world champion. His record of 144 races wins and 72 Grand Prix wins make him the second most successful in motocross history
Giacomo Agostini (born 1942), motorcycle racer.
Alberto Ascari (1918–1955), automobile racing driver who was world champion driver in 1952 and 1953
Roberto Baggio (born 1967), footballer, Italy’s all time FIFA World Cup top scorer, former winner of Ballon d’Or and FIFA World Player of the Year (1993)
Mario Balotelli (born 1990), footballer. 2010 European Golden Boy and Euro 2012 co-leading scorer
Franco Baresi (born 1960), footballer.
Andrea Bargnani (born 1985), basketball player with the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association
Gino Bartali (1914–2000), cyclist, won the Giro d'Italia twice (in 1936 and 1937) and the Tour de France in 1938
Jacques Balmat (1762–1834), mountaineer, called Le Mont Blanc, often regarded as the “Father of Alpinism”. Together with Michel-Gabriel Paccard, he completed the first ever ascent of Mont Blanc (1786)
Stefania Belmondo (born 1969), 10-time Olympic medalist in cross-country skiing
Jury Chechi (born 1969), gymnast, nicknamed “The Lord of the Rings”. The first athlete in the sport to win five consecutive world championships gold medals in the same event
Lorenzo Bernardi (born 1968), volleyball player. Elected by the FIVB "Volleyball Player of the Century" in 2001
Mario Andretti (born 1940), a four-time IndyCar and F1 world champion; one of only two drivers to win races in F1, IndyCar, World Sportscar Championship and NASCAR. His record includes 109 career wins on major circuits.
Paolo Bettini (born 1974), road racing cyclist
Gianluigi Buffon (born 1978), footballer who plays as a goalkeeper. One of the most dominant and successful goalkeepers in history
Fabio Cannavaro (born 1973), footballer who plays as a centre back. He won the FIFA World Player of the Year award in 2006.
Primo Carnera (1906–1967), heavyweight boxing champion of the world
Pierluigi Collina (born 1960), football referee
Deborah Compagnoni (born 1970), alpine skier who won three gold medals at the 1992, 1994 and 1998 Winter Olympics
Fausto Coppi (1919–1960), cyclist. His successes earned him the title Il Campionissimo, or champion of champions
Umberto De Morpurgo (1896–1961), tennis player, highest world ranking # 8, Olympic bronze (singles)
Alessandro Del Piero (born 1974), footballer
Frankie Dettori (born 1970)
Giuseppe Farina (1906–1966), racing driver. The first Formula One World Champion
Enzo Ferrari (1898–1988), race car driver and entrepreneur, the founder of the Scuderia Ferrari Grand Prix motor racing team
Christof Innerhofer (born 1984), alpine skier, won the men's Super-G at the world Alpine championships in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Paolo Maldini (born 1968), footballer who played as a centre back.
Giuseppe Meazza (1910–1979), footballer
Dino Meneghin (born 1950), basketball player
Pietro Mennea (born 1952), sprinter and politician who was the 1980 Moscow Olympic 200 meter champion, and also held the 200 m world record for 17 years
Reinhold Messner (born 1944), mountaineer and explorer
Stefano Modena (born 1963), racing driver from Italy, FIA European Formula Three Cup champion in 1986 and International Formula 3000 champion in 1987. he participated in 81 Formula One Grands Prix during the years 1987-1992
Eugenio Monti (1928–2003), bobsledder, the most successful athlete in the history of bobsled with 9 World championship gold medals and 6 Olympic medals, and the first ever to receive the Pierre de Coubertin medal
Carlton Myers (born 1971), basketball player
Alessandro Nesta (born 1976), footballer who plays as a defender
Tazio Nuvolari (1892–1953), motorcycle and racecar driver
Armin Zöggeler (born 1974), luger; nicknamed Il Cannibale. The first Olympian ever, summer or winter, to win six consecutive medals in the same individual event; also holds a record of 10 World Cup titles and 57 victories
Marco Pantani (1970–2004), cyclist, won both the Tour de France, cycling's premier road race, and the Giro d'Italia in 1998
Umberto Pelizzari (born 1965), free diver
Andrea Pirlo (born 1979), footballer
Gianmarco Pozzecco (born 1972), basketball player, an all-around offensive talent. He won, for seven years, the ranking for the top assist men in the Italian League
Nino Bibbia (1922–2013), one of skeleton’s great, Italy's first Winter Olympic gold medalist. In his illustrious career, he earned 231 golds, 97 silvers, and 84 bronzes. The World’s most prestigious race is named after him
Costantino Rocca (born 1956), the most successful male golfer that Italy has produced
Antonio Rossi (born 1968), sprint canoer who has competed since the early 1990s
Paolo Rossi (born 1956), footballer. He is listed among Pelé's 125 all-time greatest footballers
Valentino Rossi (born 1979), motorcycle racer. He is one of the most successful motorcycle racers of all time The record books/statistics.
Sara Simeoni (born 1953), high jumper, who won a gold medal at the 1980 Summer Olympics and twice set a world record in the women's high jump
Alberto Tomba (born 1966), alpine skier, known as Tomba la Bomba. Earned 3 Olympic gold medals and 9 World Cup trophies winning 50 events
Francesco Totti (born 1976), footballer
Trebisonda Valla (1916–2006), athlete. The first Italian woman to win an Olympic gold medal
Christian Vieri (born 1973), footballer. Regarded as one of the finest strikers in Europe
Alex Zanardi (born 1966), racing driver. He won two CART championship titles in North America during the late 1990s
Dino Zoff (born 1942), football goalkeeper
Gianfranco Zola (born 1966), footballer. He was voted Chelsea's best player in the centenary celebrations of 2005
Valentina Vezzali (born 1974), female fencer. One of only four athletes in the history of the Summer Olympic Games to have won five medals in the same individual event
Maurice Garin (1871–1957), first giant of Italian cycling, known for winning the inaugural Tour de France in 1903
Klaus Dibiasi (born 1947), diver, the only Olympic diver to have won three successive gold medals and the only one to win medals at four Summer Olympics
Edoardo Mangiarotti (1919–2012), widely known as the most successful fencer of all time, having won more Olympic titles and World championships than any other fencer in history
Josefa Idem Guerrini (born 1964), one of sprint canoeing’s legends, winner of 38 international medals among Olympic Games, World and European Championships. Her eight Olympic appearances is a female record
Nedo Nadi (1894–1940), fencer. The only one to win a gold medal in each of the three weapons at a single Olympic Games
Gustavo Thoeni (born 1951), skier. His record of four overall World Cup titles in five years are exceeded only by Marc Girardelli's five

Writers and philosophers

Ancient and Late Antique

Main article: Latin literature

Lucius Accius (170 BC–c. 86 BC), Roman poet. Author of more than 40 tragedies with subjects taken from Greek mythology
Livius Andronicus (c. 284 BC–c. 204 BC), founder of Roman epic poetry and drama^[176]
Arator (480/490–?), Christian poet, his best known work, De Actibus Apostolorum, is a verse history of the Apostles
Boethius (470/475–524), Roman scholar, Christian philosopher, and statesman, author of the celebrated De consolatione philosophiae
Cassiodorus (490–c. 585), historian, statesman, and monk who helped to save the culture of Rome at a time of impending barbarism^[177]
Catullus (c. 84 BC–c. 54 BC), Roman poet whose expressions of love and hatred are generally considered the finest lyric poetry of ancient Rome^[178]
Ennius (239 BC–169 BC), epic poet, dramatist, and satirist, the most influential of the early Latin poets, rightly called the founder of Roman literature^[179]
Julius Firmicus Maternus (?–?), Christian Latin writer and astrologer
Gaius Valerius Flaccus (?–c. 90), Roman poet. He wrote an eight-book epic, the Argonautica, on Jason's fabled quest for the Golden Fleece
Venantius Fortunatus (c. 540–c. 600), poet and bishop of Poitiers, whose Latin poems and hymns combine echoes of classical Latin poets with medieval tone^[180]
Sextus Julius Frontinus (c. 40–103), Roman administrator and writer. His most famous work De aquaeductu, in two books written after he was appointed curator of the Roman water-supply (97)
Aulus Gellius (c. 125–after 180), Latin author and grammarian remembered for his miscellany Attic Nights, in which many fragments of lost works are preserved
Horace (65 BC–8 BC), Roman poet, outstanding Latin lyric poet and satirist under the emperor Augustus
Juvenal (55/60–127), most powerful of all Roman satiric poets^[181]
Livy (59/64 BC–AD 17), one of the great Roman historians^[182]
Lucretius (c. 99 BC–c. 55 BC), Roman poet and philosopher known for his single, long poem, De rerum natura^[183]
Gnaeus Naevius (c. 270 BC–c. 200 BC), second of a triad of early Latin epic poets and dramatists, between Livius Andronicus and Ennius^[184]
Cornelius Nepos (c. 100 BC–c. 25 BC), Roman biographer. His only extant work is a collection of biographies, mostly from a lost larger work, De Viris Illustribus (on illustrious men)
Ovid (43 BC–17 AD), Roman poet noted especially for his Ars amatoria and Metamorphoses^[185]
Persius (34–62), Roman satirist, author of six satires, which show the influence of Horace and of Stoicism and which were imitated by John Donne and translated by John Dryden (1692)^[186]
Petronius (d. 66 AD), reputed author of the Satyricon, a literary portrait of Roman society of the 1st century AD^[187]
Plautus (c. 254 BC–184 BC), Roman comic dramatist, whose works, loosely adapted from Greek plays, established a truly Roman drama in the Latin language
Pliny the Elder (23–79), Roman savant and author of the celebrated Natural History^[188]
Pliny the Younger (61/62–c. 113),^[189] Roman author and administrator
Sextus Propertius (55/43 BC–16 BC), elegiac poet of ancient Rome
Gaius Musonius Rufus (1st century AD), Roman Stoic philosopher, known as the teacher of Epictetus
Sallust (86 BC–35/34 BC), Roman historian and one of the great Latin literary stylists^[190]
Silius Italicus (c. 26–102), Roman poet and politician. He was the author of the longest surviving Latin poem, Punica, an epic in 17 books on the Second Punic War (218–202 BC)^[191]
Statius (c. 45–c. 96), one of the principal Roman epic and lyric poets of the Silver Age of Latin literature (18–133)
Suetonius (69–after 122), Roman biographer and antiquarian whose writings include De viris illustribus and De vita Caesarum^[192]
Quintus Aurelius Symmachus (c. 345–402), Roman statesman, orator and writer who was a leading opponent of Christianity
Tibullus (c. 55 BC–c. 19 BC), Roman poet
Marcus Terentius Varro (116 BC–27 BC), scholar and satirist, known for his Saturae Menippeae^[193]
Marcus Velleius Paterculus (c. 19 BC–c. AD 31), Roman historian. Author of a short history of Rome which he wrote to commemorate the consulship of his friend Marcus Vinicius (AD 30)
Virgil (70 BC–19 BC), Roman poet, known for his national epic, the Aeneid

The Middle Ages

Main article: Italian literature

Albertanus of Brescia (c. 1195–c. 1251), Latin prose writer; known work is Liber consolationis et consilii ("The book of consolation and council")
Dante Alighieri (1265–1321), poet; known for the epic poem The Divine Comedy
Cecco Angiolieri (c. 1260–c. 1312), poet who is considered by some the first master of Italian comic verse^[194]
Anselm of Canterbury (1033–1109), founder of Scholasticism; he was one of the most important Christian thinkers of the 11th century
Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225–1274), philosopher and theologian in the scholastic tradition; his most influential work is the Summa Theologica (1265–1274) which consists of three parts^[195]
Bonaventure (1221–1274), leading medieval theologian, philosopher, minister general of the Franciscan order and cardinal bishop of Albano. He wrote several works on the spiritual life
Boncompagno da Signa (c. 1165/1175–1240), philosopher, grammarian and historian
Guido Cavalcanti (c. 1255–1300), poet, a major figure among the Florentine poets
Gioacchino da Fiore (1130–1202), theologian, mystic and esotericist. His thoughts inspired many philosophical movements as the Joachimites and the Florians
Dino Compagni (c. 1255–1324), historical writer and political figure
Pietro d'Abano (1257–1315), physician, philosopher, and astrologer
Bonvesin da la Riva (c. 1240–c. 1313), poet and writer
Francis of Assisi (1181/1182–1226), founder of the Franciscan orders of the Friars Minor
Giacomo da Lentini (fl. 13th century), poet. He is traditionally credited with the invention of the sonnet^[196]
Guido delle Colonne (c. 1215–c. 1290), jurist, poet, and Latin prose writer; author of a prose narrative of the Trojan War entitled Historia destructionis Troiae (completed about 1287)
Guido Guinizelli (c. 1230–1276), considered a precursor of Dante and the originator of the so-called dolce stil novo, or sweet new style^[197]
Guittone d'Arezzo (c. 1235–1294), poet and the founder of the Tuscan School
Jacobus de Voragine (1228/30–1298), archbishop of Genoa, chronicler, and author of the Golden Legend; one of the most popular religious works of the Middle Ages^[198]
Jacopone da Todi (c. 1230–1306), Franciscan poet; he wrote many ardent, mystical poems and is probably the author of the Latin poem Stabat Mater Dolorosa^[199]
Lanfranc (c. 1005–1089), philosopher and theologian
Brunetto Latini (c. 1220–1294), philosopher, scholar and statesman; wrote, in French, Li livres dou tresor, the first vernacular encyclopedia
Peter Lombard (c. 1100–1160), theologian; his philosophical work, the Four Books of Sentences, was the standard theological text of the Middle Ages^[200]
Marsilius of Padua (1270–1342), political philosopher, whose work Defensor pacis ("Defender of the Peace"), one of the most revolutionary of medieval documents
Matthew of Aquasparta (1240–1302), Franciscan and scholastic philosopher
Michael of Cesena (c. 1270–1342), Franciscan, general of that Order, and theologian
Thomas of Celano (c. 1200–c. 1255), Friar Minor and poet; author of three hagiographies about Saint Francis of Assisi
Giovanni Villani (c. 1275–1348), chronicler whose European attitude to history foreshadowed Humanism^[201]

Humanism and the Renaissance

Pietro Aretino (1492–1556), writer and satirist; known for his literary attacks on his wealthy and powerful contemporaries and for six volumes of letters
Ludovico Ariosto (1474–1533), poet remembered for his epic poem Orlando furioso (1516)
Pietro Bembo (1470–1547), cardinal who wrote one of the earliest Italian grammars and assisted in establishing the Italian literary language^[202]
Francesco Berni (1497/98–1535), poet; important for the distinctive style of his Italian burlesque, which was called bernesco and imitated by many poets^[203]
Giovanni Boccaccio (1313–1375), poet and scholar, author of De mulieribus claris, the Decameron and poems in the vernacular
Matteo Maria Boiardo (1440/41–1494), poet whose Orlando innamorato, the first poem to combine elements of both Arthurian and Carolingian traditions of romance^[204]
Giovanni Botero (c. 1544–1617), philosopher and diplomat, known for his work The Reason of State (1589)
Luigi Da Porto (1485–1530), writer and storiographer, better known as the author of the novel Novella novamente ritrovata with the story of Romeo and Juliet, later adapted by William Shakespeare for his famous drama
Leonardo Bruni (c. 1370–1444), a leading historian of his time. He wrote History of the Florentine People (1414–15); is generally considered the first modern work of history
Giordano Bruno (1548–1600), philosopher; his major metaphysical works, De la causa, principio, et Uno (1584) and De l'infinito universo et Mondi (1584), were published in France
Giulio Camillo (c. 1480–1544), philosopher; known for his theatre, described in his posthumously published work L’Idea del Theatro
Baldassare Castiglione (1478–1529), courtier, diplomat and writer, known for his dialogue The Book of the Courtier ; one of the great books of its time^[205]
Francesco Colonna (1433–1527), author of Hypnerotomachia Poliphili.
Cesare Cremonini (1550–1631), Aristotelian philosopher at Padua University
Mario Equicola (c. 1470–1525), writer; author of Libro de natura de amore (1525) and Istituzioni del comporre in ogni sorta di rima della lingua volgare (1541)
Marsilio Ficino (1433–1499), philosopher; his chief work was Theologia Platonica de immortalitate animae (1482), in which he combined Christian theology and Neoplatonic elements
Francesco Filelfo (1398–1481), writer; author of pieces in prose, published under the title Convivia Mediolanensia, and a great many Latin translations from the Greek
Veronica Franco (1546–1591), poet and high-ranking courtesan; famous in her day for her intellectual and artistic accomplishments
Giovanni Battista Guarini (1538–1612), poet who, with Torquato Tasso, is credited with establishing the form of a new literary genre, the pastoral drama^[206]
Francesco Guicciardini (1483–1540), historian; author of the most important contemporary History of Italy (1537/1540); the masterwork of Italian historical literature of the Renaissance
Cristoforo Landino (1424–1498), writer; he wrote three works framed as philosophical dialogues: De anima (1453), De vera nobilitate (1469), and the Disputationes Camaldulenses (c. 1474)
Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527), political philosopher and writer; known for his The Prince (written in 1513 and published in 1532); one of the world's most famous essays on political science
Giannozzo Manetti (1396–1459), politician and diplomat; significant scholar of the early Italian Renaissance
Girolamo Mei (1519–1594), writer; his treatise De modis musicis antiquorum (a study of ancient Greek music) greatly influenced the ideas of the Florentine Camerata
Guidobaldo del Monte (1545–1607), mathematician, philosopher and astronomer; known for his work Mechanicorum Liber (1577)
Gianfrancesco Straparola (1480–1557), writer, whose collection of 75 stories Le piacevoli notti contains the first known versions of many popular fairy tales. Along with Basile, he set the standards for the literary form of fairy tale
Agostino Nifo (c. 1473–1538 or 1545), philosopher and commentator; his principal works are: De intellectu et daemonibus (1492) and De immortalitate animi (1518/1524)
Marius Nizolius (1498–1576), philosopher and scholar; his major work was the Thesaurus Ciceronianus, published in 1535
Franciscus Patricius (1529–1597), philosopher and scientist. His two great works: Discussionum peripateticorum libri XV (1571) and Nova de universis philosophia (1591)
Petrarch (1304–1374), scholar and poet; his Il Canzoniere had enormous influence on the poets of the 15th and 16th centuries
Alessandro Piccolomini (1508–1579), philosopher; his works include Il Dialogo della bella creanza delle donne, o Raffaella (1539) and the comedies Amor costante (1536) and Alessandro (1544)
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463–1494), scholar and Platonist philosopher; his Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486) is better known than any other philosophical text of the 15th century
Bartolomeo Platina (1421–1481), writer and gastronomist. Author of Lives of the Popes (1479); the first systematic handbook of papal history and On honourable pleasure and health (1465); the world's first printed cookbook
Poliziano (1454–1494), poet and philologist; among his works: Stanze per la giostra (incomplete) and Orfeo (1475)
Pietro Pomponazzi (1462–1525), philosopher; his principal work is On the Immortality of the Soul (1516)
Simone Porzio (1496–1554), philosopher. His principal works are: An homo bonus, vel malus volens fiat (1551) and De mente humana (1551)
Francesco Pucci (1543–1597), philosopher; author of Forma d'una repubblica cattolica (1581)
Luigi Pulci (1432–1484), poet; he ridiculed the heroic poems of his time in his mock epic Morgante (1478, 1483)
Ottavio Rinuccini (1562–1621), poet, courtier and opera librettist
Coluccio Salutati (1331–1406), philosopher, man of letters and a skilled writer; Coluccio drew heavily upon the classical tradition
Jacopo Sannazaro (1456–1530), poet; author of Arcadia (1501–1504), first pastoral romance^[207]
Julius Caesar Scaliger (1484–1558), scholar; author of De causis linguae Latinae (1540) and Poetics (1561)^[208]
Sperone Speroni (1500–1588), philosopher and scholar; he was one of the central members of Padua's literary academy, Accademia degli Infiammati, and wrote on both moral and literary matters
Torquato Tasso (1544–1595), poet, one of the foremost writers of the Renaissance, celebrated for his heroic epic poem Jerusalem Delivered (1581)^[209]
Bernardino Telesio (1509–1588), philosopher; his chief work was De rerum natura iuxta propria principia (1565), marked the period of transition from Aristotelianism to modern thought
Gian Giorgio Trissino (1478–1550), literary theorist, philologist, dramatist, and poet, an important innovator in Italian drama^[210]
Lorenzo Valla (1407–1457), rhetorician, and educator who attacked medieval traditions and anticipated views of the Protestant reformers
Lucilio Vanini (1585–1619), philosopher; author of Amphitheatrum Aeternae Providentiae Divino-Magicum (1615) and De Admirandis Naturae Reginae Deaeque Mortalium Arcanis (1616)
Benedetto Varchi (1502/1503–1565), poet and historian; known for his work Storia fiorentina (16 vol.), published only in 1721
Giorgio Vasari (1511–1574), writer, architect and painter, known for his entertaining biographies of artists, Le Vite de’ più eccellenti architetti, pittori, et scultori italiani (1550)^[211]
Nicoletto Vernia (1442–1499), Averroist philosopher, at the University of Padua
Giovanni della Casa (1503–1556), poet, writer and diplomat. His Il Galateo (1558), the most celebrated etiquette book in European history, set the foundation for modern etiquette, polite behavior and manners literature^[212]

The Baroque period and the Enlightenment

Claudio Achillini (1574–1640), poet and jurist; one of the better known Marinisti
Vittorio Alfieri (1749–1803), tragic poet; from 1775 to 1787, wrote 19 verse tragedies; his works include Filippo (1775), Oreste (1786) and Mirra (1786)
Francesco Algarotti (1712–1764), philosopher and art critic; author of a number of stimulating essays on the subjects of architecture (1753), the opera (1755), and painting (1762)^[213]
Maria Gaetana Agnesi (1718–1799), philosopher and mathematician; first woman to write a mathematics handbook and first woman as mathematics professor in a University^[214]
Giuseppe Marc'Antonio Baretti (1719–1789), literary critic; author of Italian Library (1757)
Giambattista Basile (c. 1575 – 1632), poet; his collection of 50 short stories Pentamerone (1634–6), provided the content later borrowed by Charles Perrault and Brothers Grimm. With Straparola, he is one of the two fathers of fairy tale tradition
Cesare Beccaria (1738–1794), philosopher, criminologist and jurist; works include his treatise Dei delitti e delle pene (1763–4)^[215]
Saverio Bettinelli (1718–1808), writer; author of Lettere dieci di Virgilio agli Arcadi (1758)
Tommaso Campanella (1568–1639), Dominican philosopher and writer; remembered for his socialistic work The City of the Sun (1602)^[216]
Melchiorre Cesarotti (1730–1808), poet and translator; author of Essay on the Philosophy of Taste (1785) and Essay on the Philosophy of Languages (1785)
Elena Cornaro Piscopia (1646–1684), philosopher. She was the first female to graduate from a university
Lorenzo Da Ponte (1749–1838), poet and librettist; his most important librettos were for Mozart: The Marriage of Figaro (1786), Don Giovanni (1787), and Così fan tutte (1790)
Carlo Denina (1731–1813), historian; author of Delle rivoluzioni d'Italia (1769–70) and Delle revoluzioni della Germania (1804)
Gaetano Filangieri (1752–1788), economist and state adviser; he is known for his work, The Science of Legislation (vols. 1–7; 1780–85)
Ferdinando Galiani (1728–1787), economist; he published two treatises, Della moneta (1750) and Dialogues sur le commerce des blés (1770)
Antonio Genovesi (1712–1769), writer and political; author of Disciplinarum Metaphysicarum Elementa (1743–52) and Logica (1745)
Pietro Giannone (1676–1748), historian and jurist; his most important work was his Il Triregno, ossia del regno del cielo, della terra, e del papa ; published only in 1895
Carlo Goldoni (1707–1793), playwright; wrote more than 260 dramatic works of all sorts, including opera
Gasparo Gozzi (1713–1786), poet, critic and journalist. His principal writings are: Lettere famigliari (1755), Il Mondo morale (1760) and Osservatore Veneto periodico (1761)
Giovanni Battista Guarini (1538–1612), poet and theoretician of literature; his most well-known work is Il pastor fido (1590), a pastoral tragicomedy
Scipione Maffei (1675–1755), writer and art critic; his most important works: Conclusioni di amore (1702), La scienza cavalleresca (1710) and De fabula equestris ordinis Constantiniani (1712)
Giambattista Marino (1569–1625), poet. Founder of the school of Marinism (later Secentismo); among his principal works is L'Adone (1623), a long narrative poem
Metastasio (1698–1782), poet and librettist; considered the most important writer of opera seria libretti. His melodrama Attilio Regolo (1750) is generally considered his masterpiece
Ludovico Antonio Muratori (1672–1750), historian; author of Antiquitates Italicae Medii Aevi (6 vols; 1738–42) and Annali d'Italia (12 vols; 1744–49)
Ferrante Pallavicino (1615–1644) satirist and novelist; his most important works: Baccinata ouero battarella per le api barberine (1642) and La Retorica delle puttane (1643)
Giuseppe Parini (1729–1799), prose writer and poet; author of Dialogo sopra la nobiltà (1757) and Il giorno (4 books, 1763–1801)
Cesare Ripa (c. 1560 – c. 1622), aesthetician and writer; author of the Iconologia overo Descrittione Dell’imagini Universali cavate dall’Antichità et da altri luoghi (1593), an influential emblem book
Alessandro Verri (1741–1816), novelist and reformer; author of Le avventure di Saffo poetessa di Mitilene (1782), Notti romane al sepolcro degli Scipioni (1792–1804) and La vita di Erostrato (1815)
Pietro Verri (1728–1797), political economist and writer; his chief works are: Riflessioni sulle leggi vincolanti (1769) and Meditazioni sull' economia politica (1771)
Giambattista Vico (1668–1744), philosopher and historian; his major theories were developed in his Scienza nuova (1725)

The 1800s

Giuseppe Gioacchino Belli (1791–1863), poet; he described the vast panorama of Roman society in colorful dialect
Giovanni Berchet (1783–1851), patriot and poet; he wrote stirring patriotic ballads of a romantic type and rhymed romances, such as Giulia and Matilde
Luigi Capuana (1839–1915), critic and novelist; among his best works are the short stories in Paesane (1894) and the novel Il marchese di Roccaverdina (1901)
Giosuè Carducci (1835–1907), poet, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1906, and one of the most influential literary figures of his age^[217]
Carlo Collodi (1826–1890), author and journalist, best known as the creator of the canonical piece of children's literature and world's most translated non religious book Pinocchio^[218]
Gabriele D'Annunzio (1863–1938), poet, military hero and political leader; author of Il piacere (1889), L'innocente (1892), Giovanni Episcopo (1892) and Il trionfo della morte (1894)^[219]
Edmondo De Amicis (1846–1908), novelist and short-story writer; his most important work is the sentimental children's story Heart (1886)^[220]
Federico De Roberto (1861–1927), writer; known for his novel I Vicerè (1894)
Francesco de Sanctis (1817–1883), historian and literary critic; important works are his Saggi critici (1866) and his Storia della letteratura italiana (1870–71)^[221]
Antonio Fogazzaro (1842–1911), novelist and poet; his famous Piccolo mondo antico (1896), it is considered one of the great Italian novels of the 19th century
Ugo Foscolo (1778–1827), poet and patriot; his popular novel The Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis (1802) bitterly denounced Napoleon's cession of Venetia to Austria^[222]
Vincenzo Gioberti (1801–1852), philosopher and political writer; his most celebrated work is Del primato morale e civile degli italiani (1843)^[223]
Giuseppe Giusti (1809–1850), satirical poet; known for his poem, Sant’Ambrogio (c. 1846)
Raimondo Guarini (1765–1852), archaeologist, epigrapher, poet; authored the first Oscan/Latin dictionary
Giacomo Leopardi (1798–1837), poet and philosopher; author of Canti (1816–37), expressing a deeply pessimistic view of humanity and human nature
Alessandro Manzoni (1785–1873), poet and novelist; he is famous for the novel The Betrothed, generally ranked among the masterpieces of world literature
Ippolito Nievo (1831–1861), writer and patriot; known for his novel Confessioni di un Italiano, also known as Confessioni d'un ottuagenario which was published posthumously in 1867
Giovanni Pascoli (1855–1912), poet; his works include Carmina (in Latin, 1914), the more mystical Myricae (1891) and the patriotic Odi e inni (1906)
Silvio Pellico (1789–1854), dramatic poet; his principal works are Francesca da Rimini (1818) and Le mie prigioni (1832)
Antonio Rosmini-Serbati (1797–1855), religious philosopher; he is known for his work, Nuovo saggio sull’origine delle idee, published in 1830
Emilio Salgari (1862–1911), adventure novelist for the young; creator of popular heroic figure Sandokan
Niccolò Tommaseo (1802–1874), poet and critic; editor of a Dizionario della Lingua Italiana in eight volumes (1861–74), of a dictionary of synonyms (1830) and other works
Giovanni Verga (1840–1922), novelist; his works include Cavalleria rusticana (1880), I Malavoglia (1881), Novelle rusticane (1883), and Mastro-Don Gesualdo (1889)^[224]

The 1900s

Nicola Abbagnano (1901–1990), author of such books as La struttura dell'esistenza (1939). He was the first and most important Italian existentialist
Corrado Alvaro (1895–1956), novelist and journalist; author of Gente in Aspromonte, considered by most critics to be his masterpiece
Giulio Angioni (born 1939), novelist and anthropologist
Giorgio Bassani (1916–2000), novelist; his most acclaimed work, The Garden of the Finzi-Continis, published in 1962
Carmelo Bene (1937–2002), actor, poet, theater director, film director and screenwriter author of One Hamlet Less, Salomè.
Vitaliano Brancati (1907–1954), writer; in 1950 won the Bagutta Prize
Gesualdo Bufalino (1920–1996), writer; his novel, Le menzogne della notte (1988) won the Strega Prize
Dino Buzzati (1906–1972), writer, novelist and painter; his most famous work is a novel, The Tartar Steppe, published in 1940
Italo Calvino (1923–1985), novelist; his trilogy of historical fantasies The Cloven Viscount (1952), The Baron in the Trees (1957), and The Nonexistent Knight (1959) brought him international acclaim
Andrea Camilleri (born 1925), writer; the creator of the popular Inspector Salvo Montalbano
Dino Campana (1885–1932), poet, author of Canti Orfici.
Carlo Cassola (1917–1987), neorealist novelist; known for his novel, Bébo's Girl, published in 1960
Benedetto Croce (1866–1952), historian, humanist, and foremost Italian philosopher of the first half of the 20th century^[225]
Erri De Luca (born 1950), poet and writer; author of Aceto, arcobaleno (1992), Tre cavalli (2000) and Montedidio (2002)
Grazia Deledda (1871–1936), novelist. She was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1926; her most well-known works are Elias Portolu (1903), Cenere (1904) and La madre (1920)^[226]
Umberto Eco (1932-2016), novelist; internationally known for his novel The Name of the Rose (1980)^[227]
Julius Evola (1898–1974), philosopher and social thinker; one of the leading exponents of the Hermetic tradition
Oriana Fallaci (1929–2006), author, and political interviewer; important works are her The Rage and the Pride (2001) and The Force of Reason (2004)
Beppe Fenoglio (1922–1963), novelist; he is known for his novel Il partigiano Johnny, which was published posthumously (and incomplete) in 1968
Dario Fo (born 1926), satirist, playwright, theater director, actor, and composer. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1997^[228]
Carlo Emilio Gadda (1893–1973), novelist; known novel is That Awful Mess on Via Merulana (1957)
Natalia Ginzburg (1916–1991), novelist; known for her novels La strada che va in città (1942), È stato così (1947) and Le voci della sera (1961)
Giovannino Guareschi (1908–1968), journalist and novelist, known as author of The Little World of Don Camillo (tr. 1950) and its sequels
Tommaso Landolfi (1908–1979), author and translator; most known and translated work is Racconto d'autunno (1947)
Carlo Levi (1902–1975), writer, painter, and political journalist; known for his book, Christ Stopped at Eboli, published in 1945^[229]
Primo Levi (1919–1987), writer and chemist; his first memoir, If This Is a Man has been described as one of the most important works of the 20th century^[230]
Claudio Magris (born 1939), writer; author of Illazioni su una sciabola (1984), Danubio (1986), Stadelmann (1988), Un altro mare (1991) and Microcosmi (1997)
Filippo Tommaso Marinetti (1876–1944), writer and novelist. The ideological founder of Futurism; among his works are Le Roi Bombance (1905) and Futurist Manifesto (1909)
Fulvio Melia (born 1956), writer and astrophysicist; author of Electrodynamics (2001), The Edge of Infinity. Supermassive Black Holes in the Universe (2003), and High-Energy Astrophysics (2009)
Eugenio Montale (1896–1981), poet whose works, which greatly influenced 20th-century Italian literature, include Le Occasioni (1939) and Satura (1962). He won the 1975 Nobel Prize for literature
Indro Montanelli (1909–2001), journalist and historian, known for his new approach to writing history in books such as History of Rome (1957) and History of the Greeks (1959)
Elsa Morante (1912–1985), novelist and poet; her most acclaimed work, History, published in 1974
Alberto Moravia (1907–1990), novelist; author of Gli indifferenti (1929) and of the anti-fascist novel, The Conformist (1951)
Aldo Palazzeschi (1885–1974), novelist and poet; known for his novel Il codice di Perelà published in 1911
Cesare Pavese (1908–1950), poet, novelist and translator; his major works include Il Compagno (1947), Tra Donne Sole (1948) and The Moon and the Bonfires (1949)
Luigi Pirandello (1867–1936), writer and dramatist, winner of the 1934 Nobel Prize for Literature; known for a series of novels and the modernist play, Six Characters in Search of an Author
Vasco Pratolini (1913–1991), writer and novelist; his most important literary works are the novels Family Diary (1947), Chronicle of Poor Lovers (1947) and Metello (1955)
Salvatore Quasimodo (1901–1968), poet; his works include La terra impareggiabile (1958) and Dare e avere (1966). He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1959^[231]
Mario Rigoni Stern (1921–2008), his major works include Il sergente nella neve (1953), Storia di Tönle (1978) and Le stagioni di Giacomo (1995)
Gianni Rodari (1920–1980), writer and journalist; he won the Hans Christian Andersen Award in 1970
Rafael Sabatini (1875–1950), Italian-British writer of novels of romance and adventure. He remains best known for The Sea Hawk (1915), Scaramouche (1921) and Captain Blood (1922)
Leonardo Sciascia (1921–1989), writer; author of The Day of the Owl (1961) and To Each His Own (1966)
Filippo Scòzzari (born 1946), novelist and comic writer
Ignazio Silone (1900–1978), novelist and journalist; known for his novel Fontamara (1930); was translated into 14 languages^[232]
Italo Svevo (1861–1928), novelist; his best-known work, which has been called Italy's first modernist novel, is Zeno's Conscience (1923)
Antonio Tabucchi (1943–2012), writer; author of Notturno Indiano (1984) and Sostiene Pereira (1994)
Susanna Tamaro (born 1957), novelist. Known for the bestseller Va' dove ti porta il cuore (1994)
Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa (1896–1957), novelist; internationally renowned for his work, The Leopard, published posthumously in 1958^[233]
Pier Vittorio Tondelli (1955–1991), writer; author of Altri Libertini (1980) and Dinner Party (1994)
Federigo Tozzi (1883–1920), writer; known for his novel Con gli occhi chiusi published in 1919
Giuseppe Ungaretti (1888–1970), poet, founder of the Hermetic movement that brought about a reorientation in modern Italian poetry^[234]
Elio Vittorini (1908–1966), novelist; his works, among them The Twilight of the Elephant (1947) and The Red Carnation (1948), make a serious attempt to assess the Fascist experience^[235]

Other notables

Barbara Labate (born 1970s), entrepreneur, co-founder of the successful shopping site Risparmio Super
Marcel Bich (1914–1994), entrepreneur, co-founder of the worldwide famous company Bic. He created what would become the most popular and best selling pen in the World, Bic Cristal
Giovanni Agnelli (1866–1945), entrepreneur. Founder of the Fiat (Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino) automobile company
Francesco Antonio Broccu (1797–1882), artisan. Generally regarded as the inventor of Revolver (1833)^[236]
Alessandro Cagliostro (1743–1795), charlatan, magician, and adventurer who enjoyed enormous success in Parisian high society in the years preceding the French Revolution
Ambrogio Calepino (c. 1440–1510), one of the earliest Italian lexicographers, from whose name came the once-common Italian word calepino and English word calepin, for "dictionary"
Antonio Benedetto Carpano (1764–1815), distiller. Inventor of vermouth and aperitif (1786)
Giacomo Casanova (1725–1798), adventurer and author, chiefly remembered as the prince of Italian adventurers and as the man who made the name Casanova synonymous with "libertine"
Bartolomeo Cristofori (1655–1731), harpsichord maker generally credited with the invention of the piano (c. 1700)^[237]
Francesco Datini (1335–1410), merchant whose business and private papers, preserved in Prato, constitute one of the most important archives of the economic history of the Middle Ages
Lorenzo de Tonti (c. 1602–c. 1684), banker. The inventor of the system of annuities, now known as the tontine (1653)
Giuseppe Donati (1835–1925), musician. Inventor of the classical ocarina
Giovanni Falcone (1939–1992), magistrate who was specialised in prosecuting Cosa Nostra criminals. His life story is quite similar to that of his closest friend Paolo Borsellino
Jose Greco (1918–2000), dancer and choreographer. Popularized Spanish dance in the 1950s and '60s sometimes earning him the title "the world’s greatest non-Spanish Spanish dancer".^[238] The Spanish government knighted him in 1962 ^[239]
Johann Maria Farina (1685–1766), perfume designer and maker. Inventor of Eau de Cologne (1709)
Sonia Gandhi (born 1946), Italian-born Indian politician and the president of the Indian National Congress, widow of former Prime minister Rajiv Gandhi
Ugolino della Gherardesca (c. 1220–1289), nobleman, whose death by starvation with his sons and grandsons is described by Dante in the Inferno (Canto XXXIII)
John of Montecorvino (1246–1328), Franciscan and founder of the Catholic mission in China
Lisa del Giocondo (1479–1542 or c. 1551), her name was given to Mona Lisa, her portrait commissioned by her husband and painted by Leonardo da Vinci during the Italian Renaissance
Enrico Mattei (1906–1962), public administretor.
Philip Mazzei (1730–1816), physician, merchant and author, ardent supporter of the American Revolution, and correspondent of Thomas Jefferson
Francesco Morosini (1619–1694), doge of Venice (1688–94), of a family distinguished in Venice for five centuries
Edgardo Mortara (1851–1940), priest, central figure in a controversy that arose when at the age of 6 he was forcibly taken from his Jewish parents because a domestic servant had baptized him
Matteo Ricci (1552–1610), Italian Jesuit priest and one of the founding figures of the Jesuit China Mission
Cola di Rienzo (c. 1313–1354), popular leader who tried to restore the greatness of ancient Rome
Sacco and Vanzetti case, controversial murder trial in Massachusetts, United States, extending over seven years, 1920–27, and resulting in the execution of the defendants
Girolamo Savonarola (1452–1498), Christian preacher, reformer, and martyr, renowned for his clash with tyrannical rulers and a corrupt clergy
Father Simpliciano of the Nativity (1827–1898), founder of the Congregation of the Franciscan Sisters of the Sacred Hearts in Santa Balbina
Emilia Telese (born 1973) Audio and visual performing artist.
Augusto Odone noted for the creation of Lorenzo's oil as a treatment to Adrenoleukodystrophy after his son, Lorenzo, was diagnosed with the rare and deadly disease.

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Italians.

↑ "Totò" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Eleonora Duse" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Lorenzo Maitani" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ Turner, Jane. Encyclopedia of Italian Renaissance & Mannerist art (Volume II). Grove's Dictionaries, 2000. p. 295. Web. 24 April 2011.
↑ "Luciano Laurana" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 27 April 2011.
↑ "Michelozzo" Encyclopedia of World Biography. Web. 2 March 2011.
↑ "Vincenzo Scamozzi" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Giacomo Antonio Domenico Quarenghi" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ Soucek King, Carol. Furniture: architects' and designers' originals. Architecture & Interior Design Library, 1994. p. 132. Web. 24 April 2011.
↑ "Time digital 50", 19. Leonardo Chiariglione, Father of Mp3. Time Magazine. September 27, 1999.
↑ , "Italian Journal of Science & Technology Studies", Formatting Culture. The Mpeg group and the technoscientific innovation by digital formats. Volume 3(2)
↑ , Transactions of the Newcomen Society, 2005, Luigi Negrelli, Engineer, 1799–1858: Planner of The Suez Canal.
↑ , The Marconi Society, Federico Faggin, Awarded the Marconi Prize in 1988.
↑ "Machines" Le macchine di Leonardo da Vinci. Web. 2 March 2011.
↑ "Leonardo da Vinci" Scholastic. Web. 2 March 2011.
↑ , The incredible story of the first PC, from 1965.
↑ "Desk-Top Size Computer Is Being Sold by Olivetti For First Time in US". The Wall Street Journal. October 15, 1965.
↑ "Henri de Tonti" The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Web. 2 March 2011.
↑ "Giovanni Da Pian Del Carpini" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Vittorio De Sica" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Giovanni Pastrone" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Roberto Rossellini" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ Rennert, Jack. Posters of the Belle Epoque: The Wine Spectator Collection. Wine Spectator Press, 1999. p. 156. Web. 24 April 2011.
↑ "Scipio Africanus the Younger" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Scipio Africanus the Elder" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Augustus" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Marcus Aurelius" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Julius Caesar" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Marcus Porcius Cato" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Appius Claudius Caecus" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Marcus Claudius Marcellus" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Lucius Licinius Lucullus" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Antoninus Pius Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Titus Quinctius Flamininus" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ Holmes, Richard; Strachan, Hew; Bellamy, Chris. The Oxford companion to military history. Oxford University Press, 2001. p. 820. Web. 17 April 2011.
↑ "Saint Agapetus I" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Saint Benedict of Nursia" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Saint Celestine V" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Saint Gregory I Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Honorius I" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Honorius III" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "John II" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Saint Leo I" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Saint Nicholas I" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Saint Sergius I" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Stephen II (or III)" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Alessandro" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
↑ "Cosimo I" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
↑ "Leo XI" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
↑ "Andrea Doria" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
↑ Hearder, Harry; Morris, Jonathan (2002). Italy: A Short History. Page 68 says he was Italian (not German or Norman).
↑ , Transported by Song: Corsican Voices from Oral Tradition to World Stage by Caroline Bithell.
↑ , Other Histories by Kirsten Hastrup
↑ "Italo Balbo" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
↑ "Francesco Crispi" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
↑ "Antonio Gramsci" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
↑ "Benito Mussolini" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
↑ "Victor Emmanuel II" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
↑ "Victor Emmanuel III" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
↑ "Giulio Andreotti" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
↑ "Silvio Berlusconi" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
↑ "Umberto Bossi" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
↑ "Bettino Craxi" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
↑ "Luigi Einaudi" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
↑ "Aldo Moro" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
↑ "Romano Prodi" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
↑ "Luigi Sturzo" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
↑ "Palmiro Togliatti" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
↑ "European Commission, The Founding Fathers of EU", Altiero Spinelli: an unrelenting federalist.
↑ "Guido d’Arezzo" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Adriano Banchieri" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Emilio de’ Cavalieri" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Andrea Gabrieli" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Luca Marenzio" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Gioseffo Zarlino" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Francesco Cavalli" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Pietro Antonio Cesti" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Francesco Geminiani" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Giovanni Battista Pergolesi" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Nicola Porpora" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Domenico Scarlatti" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Giuseppe Tartini" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Baldassare Galuppi Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Giovanni Battista Martini" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 12 April 2011.
↑ "Giovanni Paisiello" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Luciano Berio" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Francesco Cilea" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Daniele Gatti RPO. Web. 2 March 2011.
↑ "Riccardo Muti" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Arturo Toscanini" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 2 March 2011.
↑ "Moreschi, Alessandro The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music. Web. 4 March 2011.
↑ "Giulia Grisi" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 4 March 2011.
↑ "Carlo Bergonzi" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 4 March 2011.
↑ "Andrea Bocelli" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 4 March 2011.
↑ "Giuseppe Di Stefano." Britannica Book of the Year, 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 4 March 2011.
↑ "Martinelli, Giovanni" The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music. Web. 4 March 2011.
↑ "Piero Cappuccilli." Britannica Book of the Year, 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 4 March 2011.
↑ "Altichiero" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 27 April 2011.
↑ "Daddi, Bernardo" The Oxford Dictionary of Art. Web. 26 April 2011.
↑ "Giotto di Bondone" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
↑ "Orcagna" The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Web. 24 April 2011.
↑ "Paolo Veneziano." Grove Art. Oxford University Press. Web. 8 May 2011.
↑ "Giunta Pisano" Questia – The Online Library of Books and Journals. Web. 3 March 2011.
↑ "Anguissola, Sofonisba" The Oxford Dictionary of Art. Web. 26 April 2011.
↑ "Alessio Baldovinetti" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 3 May 2011.
↑ "Domenico (di Giacomo di Pace) Beccafumi." Grove Art. Oxford University Press. Web. 3 May 2011.
↑ "Jacopo Bellini" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 8 May 2011.
↑ "Cennino Cennini" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 7 May 2011.
↑ "Lodovico Cigoli." Grove Art. Oxford University Press. Web. 3 May 2011.
↑ "Francesco Salviati" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 7 May 2011.
↑ "Dosso Dossi" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 26 April 2011.
↑ Robin, Diana Maury; Larsen, Anne R.; Levin, Carole. Encyclopedia of women in the Renaissance: Italy, France, and England. ABC-CLIO, 2007. p. 147. Web. 6 May 2011.
↑ "Vincenzo Foppa" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 6 May 2011.
↑ "Agnolo Gaddi" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 7 May 2011.
↑ "Gentile da Fabriano" The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Web. 22 April 2011.
↑ "Lorenzo Monaco" The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Web. 24 April 2011.
↑ "Michelangelo" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
↑ "Moretto (da Brescia)." Grove Art. Oxford University Press. Web. 6 May 2011.
↑ "Piero di Cosimo" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 27 April 2011.
↑ "Pisanello" The Oxford Dictionary of Art. Web. 23 April 2011.
↑ National Gallery (Great Britain). The National Gallery review. National Gallery Publications, 2002. p. 20. Web. 14 May 2011.
↑ "Francesco Primaticcio" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 14 May 2011.
↑ "Cosimo Rosselli" The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Web. 27 April 2011.
↑ Britannica Educational Publishing. One hundred most influential painters and sculptors of the Renaissance. The Rosen Publishing Group, 2009. p. 43. Web. 14 May 2011.
↑ "Taddèo di Bartolo (o Taddeo Bartoli)" Treccani, il portale del sapere. Web. 7 May 2011. (Italian)
↑ "Pellegrino Tibaldi" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 14 May 2011.
↑ "Cosmè Tura" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 27 April 2011.
↑ "Cristofano Allori." Grove Art. Oxford University Press. Web. 7 May 2011.
↑ "Badalòcchio (o Badalòcchi), Sisto" Treccani, il portale del sapere. Web. 25 April 2011. (Italian)
↑ "Giovanni Battista Caracciolo." Grove Art. Oxford University Press. Web. 8 May 2011.
↑ "Rosalba Carriera" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 27 April 2011.
↑ Held, Julius Samuel. Paintings of the European and American schools. Museo de Arte de Ponce, 1965. p. 126. Web. 9 May 2011.
↑ "Giovanni Paolo Pannini" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 23 April 2011.
↑ Percy, Ann; Cazort, Mimi. Italian master drawings at the Philadelphia Museum of Art. Penn State Press, 2004. p. 160. Web. 6 May 2011.
↑ "Cavaliere Massimo Stanzione." Grove Art. Oxford University Press. Web. 9 May 2011.
↑ "Annigoni, Pietro" The Oxford Dictionary of Art. Web. 21 April 2011.
↑ "Giorgio de Chirico Encyclopedia of World Biography. Web. 3 March 2011.
↑ "Amedeo Modigliani" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
↑ Ruhrberg, Karl; Schneckenburger, Manfred; Fricke, Christiane; Honnef, Klaus. Art of the 20th century (Volume I). Taschen, 1998. p. 708. Web. 12 May 2011.
↑ "Giulio Campagnola" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 1 March 2011.
↑ "Ugo da Carpi" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 24 February 2011.
↑ "Bernardine of Siena, Saint" Questia – The Online Library of Books and Journals. Web. 19 April 2011.
↑ "Maria Gaetana Agnesi" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
↑ Fiorentino, Waldimaro. Italia patria di scienziati. Catinaccio, 2004. p. 34. Web. 20 February 2011. (Italian)
↑ "Giovanni Arduino" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
↑ "Gaspare Aselli" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
↑ "Laura Bassi" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 23 April 2011.
↑ "Giacomo Berengario da Carpi" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
↑ "Giuseppe Campani" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
↑ "Enrico Fermi – Biography, Post-War Work, Personal Life, Trivia, Patents" Cambridge Encyclopedia. Web. 3 March 2011.
↑ Howard Eves. An Introduction to the History of Mathematics. Brooks Cole, 1990: ISBN 0-03-029558-0 (6th ed.), p 261.
↑ "Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
↑ "Galileo" McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology. Web. 3 March 2011.
↑ Educational Voices in Botanic Garden Histories: From Luca Ghini to Lilian Clarkemore, Dawn Sanders, published in: "Gardens and Society." P. Baas & A. van der Staay (eds), ClusiusFoundation and National Herbarium of the Netherlands. Leiden, 2011.
↑ Schlager, Neil; Lauer, Josh. Science and Its Times: 700–1449. Gale Group, 2001. p. 186. Web. 12 March 2011.
↑ "Giovanni Maria Lancisi" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 12 April 2011.
↑ "Marcello Malpighi" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
↑ Radio Hall of Fame, Pioneer, Gugliemo Marconi.
↑ , American Montessori Society, "Maria Montessori"
↑ "Pier Paolo Pandolfi, Director, Cancer Genetics Programme, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University" Nature Publishing Group: science journals, jobs, and information. Web. 3 March 2011.
↑ Schrör, Karsten. Acetylsalicylic acid. Wiley-VCH, 2009. p. 6. Web. 3 March 2011.
↑ ESA, History of Europe in space, Edoardo Amaldi
↑ "Bernardino Ramazzini" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
↑ Cajori, Florian. A history of mathematics. AMS Bookstore, 1991. p. 225. Web. 12 April 2011.
↑ "Bruno Rossi, 88, Pioneer in Cosmic Ray Research" American Astronomical Society (AAS). Web. 3 March 2011.
↑ Public Health History Corner, 2011. Vincenzo Tiberio: a misunderstood researcher.
↑ "Conte Alessandro Volta" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
↑ Stargazer By Fred Watson, Inc NetLibrary Page 109
↑ , Cambridge, The Journal of Agricultural Science, 2013. Nazareno Strampelli, the ‘Prophet’ of the green revolution.
↑ "Benedetto da Maiano" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 4 March 2011.
↑ "Benvenuto Cellini." Grove Art. Oxford University Press. Web. 3 May 2011.
↑ "Francesco Laurana" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 4 March 2011.
↑ "Leoni, Leone" The Oxford Dictionary of Art. Web. 4 March 2011.
↑ "Maderno, Stefano" The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists. Web. 24 April 2011.
↑ "Lucius Livius Andronicus" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 4 March 2011.
↑ "Cassiodorus" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 4 March 2011.
↑ "Gaius Valerius Catullus" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 4 March 2011.
↑ "Quintus Ennius" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 4 March 2011.
↑ "Venantius Fortunatus" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 4 March 2011.
↑ "Juvenal" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 4 March 2011.
↑ "Livy" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 4 March 2011.
↑ "Lucretius" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 4 March 2011.
↑ "Gnaeus Naevius" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 4 March 2011.
↑ "Ovid" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 4 March 2011.
↑ Drabble, Margaret. The Oxford companion to English literature. Oxford University, 2006. p. 781. Web. 17 April 2011.
↑ "Gaius Petronius Arbiter" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 4 March 2011.
↑ "Pliny the Elder" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 4 March 2011.
↑ "Pliny the Younger" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 4 March 2011.
↑ "Sallust" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 4 March 2011.
↑ "Silius Italicus" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 17 April 2011.
↑ "Suetonius" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 4 March 2011.
↑ "Marcus Terentius Varro" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 4 March 2011.
↑ "Cecco Angiolieri" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 4 March 2011.
↑ "Saint Thomas Aquinas" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 4 March 2011.
↑ "Giacomo Da Lentini" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 4 March 2011.
↑ "Guido Guinizzelli" Encyclopedia of World Biography. Web. 4 March 2011.
↑ "Jacobus De Voragine" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 4 March 2011.
↑ "Jacopone Da Todi" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 4 March 2011.
↑ "Peter Lombard" Encyclopedia of World Biography. Web. 4 March 2011.
↑ "Giovanni Villani" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 4 March 2011.
↑ "Pietro Bembo" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 5 March 2011.
↑ "Francesco Berni" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 5 March 2011.
↑ "Matteo Maria Boiardo, count di Scandiano" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 5 March 2011.
↑ "Castiglione, Baldassare" Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. Web. 5 March 2011.
↑ "Battista Guarini" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 13 April 2011.
↑ "Jacopo Sannazzaro" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 5 March 2011.
↑ "Scaliger, Julius Caesar" The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature. Web. 5 March 2011.
↑ "Torquato Tasso" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 5 March 2011.
↑ "Gian Giorgio Trissino" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 5 March 2011.
↑ "Giorgio Vasari" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 5 March 2011.
↑ D'Urso, Valentina (1997). Le Buone Maniere. Bologna: Il Mulino. p. 119.
↑ "Francesco Algarotti" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 5 March 2011.
↑ WOMEN'S HISTORY CATEGORIES, About Education
↑ "Cesare Beccaria" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 5 March 2011.
↑ "Tommaso Campanella" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 5 March 2011.
↑ "Giosuè Carducci" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 5 March 2011.
↑ "C. Collodi" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 5 March 2011.
↑ "Gabriele D’Annunzio" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 5 March 2011.
↑ "Edmondo De Amicis" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 5 March 2011.
↑ "Francesco De Sanctis" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 5 March 2011.
↑ "Ugo Foscolo" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 5 March 2011.
↑ "Vincenzo Gioberti" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 5 March 2011.
↑ "Giovanni Verga" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 5 March 2011.
↑ "Benedetto Croce" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 5 March 2011.
↑ "Grazia Deledda" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 5 March 2011.
↑ "Umberto Eco" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 5 March 2011.
↑ "Dario Fo" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 5 March 2011.
↑ "Carlo Levi" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 5 March 2011.
↑ Paul O'Brien Socialist Review 204 (January 1997). Web. 5 March 2011.
↑ "Salvatore Quasimodo" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 5 March 2011.
↑ "Ignazio Silone" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 5 March 2011.
↑ "Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 5 March 2011.
↑ "Giuseppe Ungaretti" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 5 March 2011.
↑ "Elio Vittorini" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 5 March 2011.
↑ "La pistola di Colt? La inventò prima Broccu" L'Unione Sarda. Web. 5 March 2011. (Italian)
↑ "Bartolomeo Cristofori" Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 5 March 2011.
↑ Joe Torchia, The Palm Beach Post – Mar 16, 1972
↑ Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2014, José Greco.

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 11/2/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.