Grenoble

Grenoble

From upper left: Panorama of the city, Grenoble’s cable cars, place Saint-André, jardin de ville, banks of the Isère river

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Grenoble

Coordinates: 45°12′01″N 5°43′20″E / 45.2002°N 5.7222°E / 45.2002; 5.7222Coordinates: 45°12′01″N 5°43′20″E / 45.2002°N 5.7222°E / 45.2002; 5.7222
Country France
Region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Department Isère
Arrondissement Grenoble
Intercommunality Grenoble-Alpes Métropole
Government
 • Mayor (2014–2020) Éric Piolle (Europe Ecology – The Greens)
Area1 18.44 km2 (7.12 sq mi)
Population (2013)2 162,780
 • Density 8,800/km2 (23,000/sq mi)
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
 • Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
INSEE/Postal code 38185 / 38000, 38100
Elevation 212–500 m (696–1,640 ft)
(avg. 398 m or 1,306 ft)

1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

2 Population without double counting: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once.

Grenoble (/ɡrəˈnoʊbəl/;[1] French pronunciation: ​[ɡʁə.nɔbl]; Arpitan: Grenoblo) is a city in southeastern France, at the foot of the French Alps where the river Drac joins the Isère. Located in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, Grenoble is the capital of the department of Isère. The city advertises itself as the "Capital of the Alps", due to its size and its proximity to the mountains.

Grenoble's history goes back more than 2,000 years, to a time when it was a small Gallic village. It gained somewhat in stature by becoming the capital of the Dauphiné in the 11th century, but Grenoble remained for most of its history a modest parliamentary and garrison city on the borders of the kingdom of France.

Industrial development increased the prominence of Grenoble, through several periods of economic expansion over the last three centuries. This started with a booming glove industry in the 18th and 19th centuries, continued with the development of a strong hydropower industry in the late 19th to early 20th centuries, and ended with a post-World War II economic boom symbolized by the holding of the X Olympic Winter Games in 1968. The city is now a significant scientific centre in Europe.[2][3]

The population of the city (commune) of Grenoble was 160,215 at the 2013 census, while the population of the Grenoble metropolitan area (French: aire urbaine de Grenoble or "agglomération grenobloise") was 664,832. The residents of the city are called "Grenoblois".

The many communes that make up the metropolitan area include three suburbs with populations exceeding 20,000, Saint-Martin-d'Hères, Échirolles, and Fontaine.[4]

History

For the ecclesiastical history, see Bishopric of Grenoble.

Antiquity

Remnants of the Roman Walls

The first references to Grenoble date back to 43 BC. Cularo was at that time a little Gallic village founded by the Allobroges tribe near a bridge across the Isère River. Three centuries later and with insecurity rising in the late Roman empire, a strong wall was built around the small town in 286 AD.[5]

The Emperor Gratian visited Cularo and, touched by the people's welcome, made the village a Roman city.[6] In honour of this, Cularo was renamed Gratianopolis ("city of Gratian") in 381 (leading to Graignovol[7] during the Middle Age and then Grenoble).

Christianity spread to the region during the 4th century, and the diocese of Grenoble was founded in 377 AD. From that time on, the bishops exercised significant political power over the city. Until the French Revolution, they styled themselves the "bishops and princes of Grenoble".[8]

Middle Ages

After the collapse of the Roman Empire, the city was part of the first Burgundian kingdom in the 5th century and the second Burgundian Kingdom of Arles until 1032, when it was integrated into the Holy Roman Empire. Arletian rule was interrupted between 942 and 970 due to Arabic rule based in Fraxinet.

Grenoble grew significantly in the 11th century when the Counts of Albon chose the city as the capital of their territories. At the time, their possessions were a patchwork of several territories sprawled across the region.[9] The central position of Grenoble allowed the Counts to strengthen their authority. When they later took the title of "Dauphins", Grenoble became the capital of the State of Dauphiné.

Despite their status, the Counts had to share authority over the city with the Bishop of Grenoble. One of the most famous of those was Saint Hugh. Under his rule, the city's bridge was rebuilt, and both a regular hospital and a leper one were built.[10]

Coat of arms of the Dauphiné after becoming a province of France

The inhabitants of Grenoble took advantage of the conflicts between the Counts and the bishops and obtained the recognition of a Charter of Customs that guaranteed their rights.[11] That charter was confirmed by Kings Louis XI in 1447 and Francis I in 1541.

In 1336 the last Dauphin Humbert II founded a court of justice, the Conseil delphinal, which settled at Grenoble in 1340. He also established the University of Grenoble in 1339. Aging and heirless, Humbert sold his state to France in 1349, on the condition that the heir to the French crown used the title of Dauphin. The first one, the future Charles V, spent nine months in Grenoble. The city remained the capital of the Dauphiné, henceforth a province of France, and the Estates of Dauphiné were created.

The only Dauphin who really governed his province was Louis XI, whose "reign" lasted from 1447 to 1456. It was only under his rule that Dauphiné properly joined the Kingdom of France. The Old Conseil Delphinal became a Parlement (the third in France after the Parliaments of Paris and Toulouse), strengthening the status of Grenoble as a Provincial capital. He also ordered the construction of the Palais du Parlement (finished under Francis I) and ensured that the Bishop pledged allegiance, thus forging the political union of the city.[12]

At that time, Grenoble was a crossroads between Vienne, Geneva, Italy, and Savoy. It was the industrial centre of the Dauphiné and the biggest city of the province, but nonetheless a rather small one.

Renaissance

François de Bonne, duc de Lesdiguières

Owing to Grenoble's geographical situation, French troops were garrisoned in the city and its region during the Italian Wars. Charles VIII, Louis XII, and Francis I went several times to Grenoble. Its people consequently had to suffer from the exactions of the soldiers.

The nobility of the region took part in various battles (Marignano, Pavia) and in doing so gained significant prestige.[13] The best-known of its members was Bayard, "the knight without fear and beyond reproach".

Grenoble suffered as a result of the French Wars of Religion. The Dauphiné was indeed an important settlement for Protestants and therefore experienced several conflicts. The baron des Adrets, the leader of the Huguenots, pillaged the Cathedral of Grenoble and destroyed the tombs of the former Dauphins.

In August 1575, Lesdiguières became the new leader of the Protestants and, thanks to the accession of Henry IV to the throne of France, allied himself with the governor and the lieutenant general of the Dauphiné. But this alliance did not bring an end to the conflicts. Indeed, a Catholic movement, the Ligue, which took Grenoble in December 1590, refused to make peace. After months of assaults, Lesdiguières defeated the Ligue and took back Grenoble. He became the leader of the entire province.[14]

Lesdiguières became the lieutenant-general of the Dauphiné and administered the Province from 1591 to 1626. He began the construction of the Bastille in order to protect the city and ordered the construction of new walls, increasing the city's size. He also constructed the Hôtel Lesdiguières, built new fountains, and dug sewers.[15]

From Louis XIV to the French Revolution

The day of the Tiles

The revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV caused the departure of 2,000 Protestants from Grenoble, weakening the city's economy.[16] However, it also weakened the glove industry of Grasse, leaving the glove factories of Grenoble without any competition.[17] This allowed a stronger economic development for the city during the 18th century. For example, at the beginning of that century, only 12 glovers made 15,000 dozen gloves each year; however, by 1787, 64 glovers made 160,000 dozen gloves each year.[17]

The city gained some notoriety on 7 June 1788 when the townspeople assaulted troops of Louis XVI in the "Day of the Tiles". The people attacked the royal troops to prevent an expulsion of the notables of the city, which would have seriously endangered the economic prosperity of Grenoble. Following these events, the Assembly of Vizille took place. Its members organized the meeting of the old Estates General, thus beginning the French Revolution. During the Revolution, Grenoble was represented in Paris by two illustrious notables, Jean Joseph Mounier and Antoine Barnave.

In 1790, the Dauphiné was divided into three departments, and Grenoble became the chef-lieu of the Isère department. The city was renamed Grelibre to avoid association with out of fashion nobility, and only took back its previous name only under Napoleon. Only two abbeys were executed at Grenoble during the Reign of Terror.[18] Pope Pius VI, prisoner of France, spent three days at Grenoble in 1799 before going to Valence where he died.

19th century

Defensive walls around the town

The establishment of the Empire was overwhelmingly approved (in Isère, the results showed 82,084 yes and only 12 no).[19] Grenoble welcomed for the second time a prisoner Pope in 1809. Pius VII spent 10 days in the city en route to his exile in Fontainebleau.

In 1813 Grenoble was under threat from the Austrian army, which invaded Switzerland and Savoy. The well-defended city contained the Austrian attacks, and the French army defeated the Austrians, forcing them to withdraw at Geneva. However, the later invasion of France in 1814 resulted in the capitulation of the troops and the occupation of the city.

During his return from the island of Elba in 1815, Napoleon took a road that led him near Grenoble at Laffrey. There he met the royalist fifth Infantry Regiment of Louis XVIII. Napoleon stepped towards the soldiers and said these famous words: "If there is among you a soldier who wants to kill his Emperor, here I am." The soldiers all joined his cause. After that, Napoleon was acclaimed at Grenoble and General Jean Gabriel Marchand could not prevent Napoleon from entering the city through the Bonne gate. He said later: "From Cannes to Grenoble, I still was an adventurer; in that last city, I came back a sovereign".[20] But after the defeat of Waterloo, the region suffered from a new invasion of Austrian and Sardinian troops.

Fountain of the Three Orders (1897)

The 19th century saw significant industrial development of Grenoble. The glove factories reached their Golden Age, and their products were exported to the United States, the United Kingdom, and Russia.[21]

General Haxo transformed the Bastille fortress, which took on its present aspect between 1824 and 1848. The Second Empire saw the construction of the French railway network, and the first trains arrived at Grenoble in 1858. Shortly thereafter Grenoble experienced widespread destruction by extensive flooding in 1859,.

In 1869 engineer Aristide Bergès played a major role in industrializing hydroelectricity production. With the development of his paper mills, he accelerated the economic development of the Grésivaudan valley and Grenoble.

On 4 August 1897, a stone and bronze fountain was inaugurated in Grenoble to commemorate the pre-revolutionary events of June 1788. Built by the sculptor Henri Ding, the Fountain of the Three Orders, which represents three characters, is located on the Place Notre-Dame. People in Grenoble interpret these characters as follows: "Is it raining?" inquires the third estate; "Please heaven it had rained", lament the clergy; and "It will rain", proclaims the nobility.[22]

20th century

World War I accelerated Grenoble's economic development.[23] In order to sustain the war effort, new hydroelectric industries developed along the various rivers of the region, and several existing companies moved into the armaments industry (for example in Livet-et-Gavet). Electro-chemical factories were also established in the area surrounding Grenoble, initially to produce chemical weapons. This development resulted in significant immigration to Grenoble, particularly from Italian workers who settled in the Saint-Laurent neighborhood.

Gate of the exposition in 1925

The economic development of the city was highlighted by the organization of the International Exhibition of Hydropower and Tourism in 1925, which was visited by more than 1 million people.[24] The organization of this exhibition forced the military to remove the old city walls and allowed expansion of the city to the south. This exhibition also highlighted the city's hydropower industry and the region's tourist attractions.

The site of the exhibition became an urban park in 1926, named Parc Paul Mistral after the death of the mayor in 1932. The only building of this exhibition remaining in the park is the crumbling Tour Perret, which has been closed to the public since 1960 due to its very poor state of maintenance.

During World War II, at the Battle of the Alps, the Nazi invasion was stopped near Grenoble at Voreppe by the forces of General Cartier in June 1940. The French forces resisted until the armistice. Grenoble was then part of the French State, before an Italian occupation from 1942 to 1943. The relative mercy of the Italian occupiers towards the Jewish populations resulted in a significant number moving to the region from the German-occupied parts of France.[25]

Grenoble was extremely active in the Résistance against the occupation. Its action was symbolized by figures such as Eugène Chavant, Léon Martin, and Marie Reynoard.[26] The University of Grenoble supported the clandestine operations and provided false documentation for young people to prevent them from being assigned to STO.

In September 1943, German troops occupied Grenoble, escalating the conflict with the clandestine movements. On 11 November 1943 (the anniversary of the armistice of 1918) massive strikes and demonstrations took place in front of the local collaboration offices. In response, the occupiers arrested 400 demonstrators in the streets. On 13 November, the resistance blew up the artillery at the Polygon, which was a psychological shock for an enemy who then intensified the repression. On 25 November, the occupiers killed 11 members of the Résistance organizations of Grenoble. This violent crackdown was nicknamed "Grenoble's Saint-Bartholomew".[27] From these events, Grenoble was styled by the Free French Forces the title of Capital of the Maquis on the antennas of the BBC.[28]

This event only intensified the activities of Grenoble's resistance movements. The Germans could not prevent the destruction of their new arsenal on 2 December at the Bonne Barracks. After the Normandy landing, resistance operations reached their peak, with numerous attacks considerably hampering the activity of German troops. With the landing in Provence, German troops evacuated the city on 22 August 1944. On 5 November 1944, General Charles de Gaulle came to Grenoble and bestowed on the city the Compagnon de la Libération in order to recognise "a heroic city at the peak of the French resistance and combat for the liberation".[26]

In 1955, future physics Nobel prize laureate Louis Néel created the Grenoble Center for Nuclear Studies (CENG), resulting in the birth of the Grenoble model, a combination of research and industry. The first stone was laid in December 1956.

In 1968 Grenoble welcomed the Xth Olympic Winter Games. This event helped modernize the city with the development of infrastructure such as an airport, motorways, a new town hall, and a new train station. It also helped the development of ski resorts like Chamrousse, Les Deux Alpes, and Villard-de-Lans.

Geography

Grenoble with the Dauphiné Alps

Grenoble is surrounded by mountains. To the north lies the Chartreuse, to the south and west the Vercors, and to the east the Belledonne range. Grenoble is regarded as the capital of the French Alps.

Except for a few dozen houses on the slopes of the Bastille hill, Grenoble is exclusively built on the alluvial plain of the Isère and Drac rivers at an altitude of 214 metres (702 ft). As a result, the city itself is extremely flat. Mountain sports are an important tourist attraction in summer and winter. Twenty large and small ski resorts surround the city, the nearest being Le Sappey-en-Chartreuse, which is about 15 minutes' drive away.

Historically, both Grenoble and the surrounding areas were sites of heavy industry and mining.[29] Abandoned mills and factories can be found in small towns and villages, and a few have been converted to tourist attractions, such as the coal mine at La Mure.

Climate

Grenoble itself has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb) with no dry season.

Climate data for Grenoble-St Geoirs (1981–2010 averages)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 17.3
(63.1)		 20.7
(69.3)		 25.3
(77.5)		 28.0
(82.4)		 31.3
(88.3)		 37.0
(98.6)		 38.3
(100.9)		 39.5
(103.1)		 33.6
(92.5)		 28.1
(82.6)		 24.8
(76.6)		 19.5
(67.1)		 39.5
(103.1)
Average high °C (°F) 5.9
(42.6)		 7.8
(46)		 12.0
(53.6)		 15.3
(59.5)		 19.9
(67.8)		 23.8
(74.8)		 26.9
(80.4)		 26.4
(79.5)		 21.8
(71.2)		 16.9
(62.4)		 10.2
(50.4)		 6.4
(43.5)		 16.2
(61.2)
Average low °C (°F) −1.2
(29.8)		 −0.4
(31.3)		 2.0
(35.6)		 4.4
(39.9)		 8.9
(48)		 12.0
(53.6)		 14.2
(57.6)		 14.0
(57.2)		 10.9
(51.6)		 7.8
(46)		 2.7
(36.9)		 −0.1
(31.8)		 6.3
(43.3)
Record low °C (°F) −27.1
(−16.8)		 −19.4
(−2.9)		 −18.2
(−0.8)		 −7.9
(17.8)		 −2.3
(27.9)		 2.1
(35.8)		 4.8
(40.6)		 3.8
(38.8)		 −1.2
(29.8)		 −5.3
(22.5)		 −10.9
(12.4)		 −20.2
(−4.4)		 −27.1
(−16.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 61.3
(2.413)		 51.6
(2.031)		 66.3
(2.61)		 83.0
(3.268)		 104.1
(4.098)		 75.2
(2.961)		 59.3
(2.335)		 67.2
(2.646)		 105.7
(4.161)		 105.8
(4.165)		 87.7
(3.453)		 67.1
(2.642)		 934.3
(36.783)
Average precipitation days 9.4 8.0 9.4 9.7 11.0 8.5 6.2 7.4 7.7 10.1 9.6 9.5 106.4
Average snowy days 7.7 6.0 4.5 2.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.6 4.9 28.0
Average relative humidity (%) 83 80 76 73 75 74 70 72 79 83 84 84 77.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours 95.0 111.7 169.8 183.0 219.2 255.4 289.8 255.5 193.1 137.5 84.5 71.6 2,065.9
Source #1: Météo France[30][31]
Source #2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity, snowy days 1961–1990)[32]

Population

Year 1793 1800 1806 1821 1831 1841 1851 1861 1872 1881 1891 1901 1911 1921
Population 20,019 20,654 22,129 23,629 24,888 30,824 31,340 34,726 42,660 51,371 60,439 68,615 77,438 77,409
% - +3.2% +7.1% +6.8% +5.3% +23.9% +1.7% +10.8% +22.8% +20.4% +17.7% +13.5% +12.9% -0.0%
Year 1946 1954 1962 1968 1975 1982 1990 1999 2006 2011 2013
Population 102,161 116,640 156,707 161,616 166,037 156,637 150,768 153,317 156,107 157,424 160,215
% +32.0% +14.0% +34.6% +3.1% +2.7% -5.7% -3.7% +1.7% +1.8% +0.8% +1.8%

Urbanism and architecture

The Bouchayer-Viallet site is a powerful symbol of Grenoble's industrial past.[33] It is now converted into a dual-purpose area more closely linked to the Berriat neighbourhood. Innovative business activities as Apple Inc.[34] co-exist with housing, sporting facilities, contemporary music venue and arts centres as Le Magasin. At the entrance to the Bouchayer-Viallet site, Square des Fusillés has been redeveloped and extended taking over an old car park, to facilitate access from the tramway stop and Cours Berriat.

Redevelopment of the former De Bonne barracks was an important step in the drive to launch sustainable housing in France. In 2009, the site of De Bonne was distinguished as the best eco-neighborhood in France.[35] A shopping mall contains 53 shops arranged around an inner concourse, with one side opening onto the park and the other connecting to the town.

Main sights

The Bastille from downtown

La Bastille

The Bastille, an ancient series of fortifications on the mountainside overlooking Grenoble on the northern side is visible from many points in the city. The Bastille is one of Grenoble's most visited tourist attractions and provides a good vantage point over the town below and the surrounding mountains.

"Les Bulles": the cable cars

Although the Bastille was begun in the Middle Ages, later years saw extensive additions, including a semi-underground defense network. The Bastille has been credited as the most extensive example of early 18th-century fortifications in all of France and then held an important strategic point on the Alpine frontier with the Kingdom of Savoy.[36]

The first cable transport system, installed on the Bastille in 1875, was built by the Porte de France Cement Company for freight. This cable transport system connected a quarry on Mount Jalla, just over the bastille, and Grenoble. It was abandoned in the early 20th century

Since 1934, the Bastille has been the destination of the "Grenoble-Bastille Cable Car". This system of egg-shaped cable cars known to locals as "Les Bulles" (the bubbles) provides the occupants with an excellent view over the Isère River. At the top are two restaurants and installed in the casemates of the fort itself since June 2006, the Bastille Art Centre allows visitors to see contemporary art exhibitions. There is also a small military museum on mountain troops (Musée des troupes de montagne).

Palace of the Parliament of Dauphiné

Palace of the Parliament of Dauphiné.

This palace was constructed Place Saint André, around 1500 and extended in 1539. It was the location of the Parlement of Dauphiné until the French Revolution. It then became a courthouse until 2002. The left wing of the palace was extended in 1897. The front of the former seat of the nearby Dauphiné Parlement combines elements from a gothic chapel and a Renaissance façade.[37]

The building now belongs to the Isère Council (Conseil Général de l'Isère). An ongoing renovation project will give this building a new life whilst preserving its patrimonial character and adding a modern touch.[38]

Museum of Grenoble

The city's most prized museum, the Museum of Grenoble ((French) Musée de Grenoble), welcomes 200,000 visitors a year. The Museum of Grenoble is above all renowned for its collection of paintings that covers all artistic evolutions. It was the first museum in France to open its collections to modern artists, at the beginning of the 20th century, and its collection of modern and contemporary art has grown to become one of the largest in Europe. The painting holdings include artworks by painters such as Veronese, Rubens, Zurbarán, Ingres, Delacroix, Renoir, Gauguin, Signac, Monet, Matisse, Picasso, Kandinsky, Joan Miró, Paul Klee, Giorgio de Chirico and Andy Warhol. The museum also presents a few Egyptian antiquities as well as Greek and Roman artifacts. The Sculpture collection features works by Auguste Rodin, Matisse, Alberto Giacometti and Alexander Calder. In April 2010, the prophetess of Antinoe, a 6th-century mummy discovered in 1907 in the Coptic necropolis of Antinoe in Middle Egypt, returned to the Museum of Grenoble, after more than fifty years of absence and an extensive restoration.

Archaeological museums

Archaeological museum with the vestiges protected by a new cover of glass and metal (Place Saint-Laurent)

Situated on the right bank of the Isère, on Place Saint-Laurent, the Grenoble Archaeological Museum presents the archaeological excavations done on its location. The vestiges date back all the way to the 3rd century AD and provide a timeline of the history of Christianity in the region. The museum is situated below a 12th-century Benedictine church, under which Jacques Joseph Champollion-Figeac, brother of famed egyptologist Jean-François Champollion, discovered a Roman church in 1803. It was one of the first classified monuments in France thanks to the intervention of Prosper Mérimée, historic monument inspector.[39] Systematic excavations were conducted from 1978 to 2011, as part of a regional research program on the evolution of churches during the Middle Ages. After eight years of work, the museum reopened 6 May 2011.

The Musée de l'Ancien Évêché is the second archaeological museum of the city, and located near the Grenoble Cathedral. Installed in 1998, it houses the first baptistery of the city

The Grenoble townhall hosts a bust of Stendhal by sculptor Pierre Charles Lenoir

Education and science

Secondary level

The large community of both foreign students and foreign researchers prompted the creation of an international school. The Cité Scolaire Internationale Europole (CSI Europole) was formerly housed within the Lycée Stendhal across from the Maison du Tourisme, but later moved to its own building in the Europole district. In the centre of the city, two schools have provided education to the isérois for more than three centuries. The oldest one, the Lycée Stendhal, was founded in 1651[40] as a Jesuit College. An astronomical and astrological sundial created in the main building of the college in 1673 can still be visited today. The second-oldest higher education establishment of Grenoble is the Lycée Champollion, completed in 1887 to offer excellent education to both high school students and students of preparatory classes.

Higher education

Main square of Grenoble's university campus

In a 1339 pontificial bull, Pope Benedict XII commissioned the establishment of the University of Grenoble.

From 1965, the university relocated to a main campus outside of the city in Saint Martin d'Hères (with some parts in Gières). However, smaller campuses remain downtown and in the northwestern part of the city known as the Polygone Scientifique ("Scientific Polygon").

From 1970 to 2015, the university consists of four separate institutions sharing the campus grounds, some buildings and laboratories, and even part of their administration:

In 2016, the first three of those merged to form Université Grenoble Alpes.

Campuses of the much smaller École nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation university), École d'Architecture de Grenoble ( School of Architecture of Grenoble) and Grenoble École de Management (management and business administration) are also located in Grenoble.

The city is an important university centre with over 54,000 students in 2013, of whom 16% arrive from abroad.[41] As of 1 January 2016, the first three institutions re-merged to become Grenoble Alpes University.

Science and engineering

Site of European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institut Laue-Langevin and European Molecular Biology Laboratory at the Western end of the Polygone Scientifique

Grenoble is also a major scientific centre, especially in the fields of physics, computer science, and applied mathematics: Universite Joseph Fourier (UJF) is one of the leading French scientific universities while the Grenoble Institute of Technology trains more than 5,000 engineers every year in key technology disciplines. Grenoble's high tech expertise is organized mainly around three domains: information technology, biotechnologies and new technologies of energy.[42]

Many fundamental and applied scientific research laboratories are conjointly managed by Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble Institute of Technology, and the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS). Numerous other scientific laboratories are managed independently or in collaboration with the CNRS and the French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control (INRIA).

Other research centres in or near Grenoble include the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), the Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), the Institut de radioastronomie millimétrique, one of the main research facilities of the Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (Nuclear Energy Commission, CEA), the LNCMI and the European branch of Xerox Research (whose most notable center was PARC). Leti and the recent development of Minatec, a centre for innovation in micro- and nano-technology, only increases Grenoble's position as a European scientific centre.[43] Biotechnologies are also well represented in the Grenoble region with the molecular biology research center BioMérieux, the Clinatec center, the regional center NanoBio and many ramifications of the global competitiveness cluster Lyonbiopôle.[44]

Meanwhile, Grenoble has large laboratories related to space and to the understanding and observation of the universe as the Institut de radioastronomie millimétrique, the Institut de planétologie et d'astrophysique de Grenoble,[45] the Laboratoire de physique subatomique et de cosmologie de Grenoble, the Institut Néel but also to a lesser extent the Institut des sciences de la Terre (part of the Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble).

In order to foster this technological cluster university institutions and research organizations united to create the GIANT (Grenoble Innovation for Advanced New Technologies) Campus[46] with the aim at becoming one of the world's top campuses in research, higher education, and high tech.[47]

The city benefits from the highest concentration of strategic jobs in France after Paris, with 14% of the employments, 35,186 jobs, 45% of which specialized in design and research.[48] Grenoble is also the largest research center in France after Paris with 22,800 jobs (11,800 in public research, 7,500 in private research and 3,500 PhD students).[49]

Grenoble is also renowned for the excellence of its academic research in humanities and political sciences. Its universities, alongside public scientific institutions, host some of the largest research centres in France (in fields such as political science, urban planning or the sociology of organizations).

Knowledge and innovation community

Grenoble is one of the co-location centres of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology's Knowledge and Innovation Communities for sustainable energy.[50]

Weekend education

The École Compleméntaire de Grenoble (グルノーブル補習授業校 Gurunōburu Hoshū Jugyō Kō), a part-time Japanese supplementary school, is held in the École Élémentaire Mi-Plaine in Meylan, near Grenoble.[51]

Economy

Grenoble is one of the leading European cities in term of high-tech industries, especially biotechnology and nanotechnology. World-renowned enterprises have settled in Grenoble and in the surrounding area such as Schneider Electric, Hewlett Packard, Caterpillar, Xerox and STMicroelectronics. Since 2011, the presence of Grenoblix, first green data center,[52] allows connected members to exchange traffic in order to avoid passing by faraway infrastructures. Since 1993 Grenoble can be considered as an international city thanks to the World Trade Center of Grenoble.

Industry

The town was once famous for glove manufacturing, for which Xavier Jouvin introduced an innovative technique in the 19th century.[53] A few small companies keep producing gloves for a very high end market.

Companies

Head office of Glénat

In 2011, the largest employers in the Grenoble metropolitan area were:[54]

Enterprise, location Number of employees
 Sector
STMicroelectronics, Grenoble and Crolles 5,979 Semiconductor manufacturing, R&D
Schneider Electric, Grenoble agglomeration 4,915 Electrical equipment, R&D
Caterpillar France, Grenoble and Echirolles 1,865 Construction of heavy equipment
Hewlett Packard France, Eybens 1,814 Computer science
Becton Dickinson, Pont-de-Claix 1,736 R&D and production of advanced systems for drugs administration
Carrefour, Grenoble agglomeration 1,165 Hypermarkets
Capgemini, Grenoble 1,100 Information technology consulting and IT service management
Groupe Casino, Grenoble agglomeration 990 Supermarkets
Samse, Grenoble agglomeration 965 Supplier of building materials
Soitec, Bernin 952 Semiconductor manufacturer specialized in the production of SOI wafers

The presence of companies such as HP or Caterpillar in the area has drawn many American and British workers to Grenoble, especially in the surrounding mountain villages. The region has the second largest English-speaking community in France, after Paris.[55] That community has an English-speaking Church and supports the International School.[56] A lot of these Americans, British, Australians etc. go to Grenoble with the intention of returning home after some time but the mountains and general life style keep them there. Some choose to put their children in the international school "cité internationale" and the "American School of Grenoble" is the alternative for those who prefer to have the core curriculum in English. With numerous associations like Open House, this large English speaking population organizes family events making life in Grenoble harder to turn away from.[57]

Publisher Glénat has its head office in Grenoble.[58] Inovallée is a science park with about 12,000 jobs located at Meylan and Montbonnot-Saint-Martin near Grenoble.[59]

Sport

Grenoble hosted the 1968 Winter Olympics. The city is famous for many nearby ski resorts nestled in the surrounding mountains. Stade Lesdiguières is located in Grenoble and has been the venue for international rugby league and rugby union games.

Grenoble is the home of first rugby union, FC Grenoble, and ice hockey teams, Brûleurs de loups, and of a fourth tier football team, Grenoble Foot 38, .

The abundance of natural sites around Grenoble as well as the particular influence of mountaineering practices and history make many Grenoble inhabitants very fond of sports and outdoor activities (e.g., mountain trails hiking, mountain bike, backcountry skiing, rock climbing, and paragliding). The Tour de France cycling race regularly passes through the city.

Transport

The railway station and a tram (lightrail).

A comprehensive bus and tram service operates 26 bus routes and five tram lines and serves much of greater Grenoble. Being essentially flat, Grenoble is a bicycle-friendly city.

The Gare de Grenoble is served by the TGV rail network, with frequent high-speed services (3 hours) to and from Paris-Gare de Lyon, often with a stop at Lyon Saint-Exupéry Airport. While Grenoble is not directly on any high-speed line, TGVs can run at reduced speeds on the classic network and enable such connections. Local rail services connect Grenoble with Lyon, and less frequently to Geneva and to destinations to the West and South. Valence and Lyon to the west provides connections with TGV services along the Rhône Valley. Rail and road connections to the south are less developed.

Grenoble can be accessed by air from Grenoble-Isère Airport, Lyon Saint-Exupéry Airport and Geneva International Airport, with the airport bus connections being most frequent to Lyon Saint-Exupéry.

I-Road in Grenoble

Highways link Grenoble to the other major cities in the area including the A48 autoroute to the northwest toward Lyon, the A49 to the southwest toward the Rhone valley via Valence, the A41 to the northeast toward Chambéry, the Alps, and Italy and Switzerland.

A partial ring road around the south of the city, the Rocade Sud, connects the motorway arriving from the northwest (A48) with that arriving from the northeast (A41). A project to complete the ring road with a tunnel under the Bastille as part of the likely routes was rejected after its environmental impact studies.[60]

Since 1 October 2014, the city of Grenoble has been testing the renting of seventy I-Road electric vehicles. In 2016, to see beneficial effects, both safety and pollution levels, speed limit is 30 km/h (18.6 mph) in 80% of the streets of Grenoble and forty-two neighboring municipalities. However, the rule of 50 km/h is still valid for the main roads.[61]

Culture

Grenoble hosts several festivals: the Détours de Babel in March,[62] the Open Air Short Film Festival in early July, and the Cabaret Frappé music festival at the end of July.

The Summum is the biggest concert hall in Grenoble, and the most famous artists produce there. Another big hall, Le grand angle, is located nearby in Voiron. Smaller halls in the city include the Salle Olivier Messiaen in the Minim Monastery.

The main cultural center of the city is called MC2 (for Maison de la culture, version 2), which hosts music, theater, and dance performances. The Conservatory of Grenoble is founded in 1935.

There are several theaters in Grenoble, the main one being Grenoble Municipal Theatre (Théatre de Grenoble). Others are the Théâtre de Création, the Théâtre Prémol, and the Théâtre 145. Grenoble also hosts Upstage Productions, which performs once a year through an exclusively English speaking troupe.

There are two main art centres in Grenoble: the Centre national d'Art contemporain (also called Le Magasin) and the Centre d'art Bastille.

Grenoble is known for its walnuts, Noix de Grenoble which enjoy an appellation of controlled origin.[63]

The town also hosts a well-known comics publisher, Glénat.

People from Grenoble

Further information: List of people from Grenoble

International relations

After World War I, one street in the centre of Smederevska Palanka (Serbia) was named French street (Francuska ulica) and one street in Grenoble was named Palanka street(Rue de Palanka). There is also a Belgrade Street (Rue de Belgrade) near the Isère River.

Twin towns and sister cities

Grenoble is twinned with:[64]

Gallery

Grenoble (west side) from la Bastille
Grenoble from the Vercors ranges
Grenoble at night from la Bastille

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ "Grenoble". Collins Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  2. ↑ Graff, James (22 August 2004). "Secret Capitals". Time. New York. Retrieved 29 October 2009.
  3. ↑ Pentland, William (9 July 2013). "World's 15 Most Inventive Cities". Forbes. New York. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  4. ↑ "Insee – Populations légales 2006". Insee.fr. Retrieved 29 October 2009.
  5. ↑ Petite histoire du Dauphiné , Félix Vernay, 1933, p18
  6. ↑ Louis, Jaucourt de chevalier (1757). Grenoble. p. 942.
  7. ↑ "Musée Dauphinois". Metrodoc.la-metro.org. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  8. ↑ Petite histoire du Dauphiné, Félix Vernay, 1933, p. 40.
  9. ↑ Petite histoire du Dauphiné, Félix Vernay, 1933, p. 9.
  10. ↑ Petite histoire du Dauphiné, Félix Vernay, 1933, p. 27.
  11. ↑ Petite histoire du Dauphiné, Félix Vernay, 1933, p. 32.
  12. ↑ Petite histoire du Dauphiné, Félix Vernay, 1933, p. 58.
  13. ↑ Petite histoire du Dauphiné, Félix Vernay, 1933, p78
  14. ↑ Petite Histoire du Dauphiné , Félix Vernay, 1933, p88
  15. ↑ Histoire de Grenoble, Vidal Chaumel, Editions Privat, p.68,123,126,223
  16. ↑ Petite histoire du Dauphiné, Félix Vernay, 1933, p97
  17. 1 2 Petite histoire du Dauphiné , Félix Vernay, 1933, p98
  18. ↑ "Il y a 250 ans naissait Joseph Chanrion (1756-1830)" (PDF). Union de Quartier Mutualité-Préfecture.
  19. ↑ Petite Histoire du Dauphiné, Félix Vernay, 1933,p115
  20. ↑ Petite histoire du Dauphiné , Félix Vernay, 1933, p120
  21. ↑ L’histoire de l'Isère en BD, Tome 5, Gilbert Bouchard, 2004
  22. ↑ Grenoble, cœur de pierre, Françoise Goyet, Edi Loire, 1996, (ISBN 2840840464)
  23. ↑ L’histoire de l'Isère en BD, Tome 5, Gilbert Bouchard, 2004, p40
  24. ↑ fr:Exposition internationale de la houille blanche#Les chiffres
  25. ↑ L’histoire…, Tome 5, Gilbert Bouchard, 2004, p45
  26. 1 2 "Order of the Liberation". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 20 October 2007. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  27. ↑ "Ordre de la Libération". Web.archive.org. 25 February 2008. Archived from the original on 25 February 2008. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  28. ↑ "Grenoble en concurrence avec Lyon". Université Lyon 2. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
  29. ↑ Petite histoire du Dauphiné, Félix Vernay, 1933, p. 67.
  30. ↑ "Données climatiques de la station de Grenoble" (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
  31. ↑ "Climat Rhône-Alpes" (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
  32. ↑ "Normes et records 1961-1990: Grenoble-St Geoirs (38) - altitude 384m" (in French). Infoclimat. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
  33. ↑ lametro.fr, Bouchayer-Viallet // 2005-2014. (French)
  34. ↑ www.atlantico.fr, Apple a choisi Grenoble pour implanter son laboratoire de recherche sur l'imagerie iPhone.(French)
  35. ↑ lemonde.fr November 4, 2009, La caserne De Bonne, quartier modèle et économe du centre de Grenoble (French)
  36. ↑ "Bienvenue sur www.bastille-grenoble.com". Bastille-grenoble.fr. Retrieved 2014-04-09.
  37. ↑ isere patrimoine.fr (French)
  38. ↑ General Council of the department of Isere (french)
  39. ↑ "Musée archéologique St Laurent". Musee-archeologique-grenoble.com. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
  40. ↑ "Tourism office - patrimoine religieux". Retrieved 14 March 2013.
  41. ↑ http://cache.media.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/file/Atlas_2012-2013/27/8/Atlas_1213_Web_316278.pdf
  42. ↑ "Pôles de compétitivité". Mairie de Grenoble.
  43. ↑ See official website at the Wayback Machine (archived 29 December 2007)
  44. ↑ drt-cea.com, GIANT, CAMPUS D'INNOVATION À GRENOBLE (French)
  45. ↑ "La mission de la sonde Rosetta prolongée jusqu'en septembre 2016". francetvinfo.fr. 2015-06-29. Retrieved 2015-08-30.]
  46. ↑ "Official website of the GIANT Innovation Campus". Giant-grenoble.org. Retrieved 2015-08-30.
  47. ↑ "Official website of Grenoble École de Management". http://en.grenoble-em.com. Retrieved 2015-08-30. External link in |publisher= (help)
  48. ↑ "Insee – Territoire – Répartition géographique des emplois – Les grandes villes concentrent les fonctions intellectuelles, de gestion et de décision". Insee.fr. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  49. ↑ "Chiffres clés Grenoble-Isère édition 2011" (PDF). AEPI.
  50. ↑ "European Institute of Innovation and Technology: Home". Europa (web portal). Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  51. ↑ "欧州の補習授業校一覧（平成25年4月15日現在）" (Archive). Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT). Retrieved on May 10, 2014. "Ecole Complementaire de Grenoble École Elementaire Mi-Plaine 12 Rue des Aiguinarcls 38240 Meylan, FRANCE"
  52. ↑ greenunivers.com april 2011, L’eau d’une nappe phréatique verdit un datacenter grenoblois (French)
  53. ↑ A. Doyon, Xavier Jouvin, inventeur grenoblois et sa famille, Paris, Dayez ed., 1976
  54. ↑ "Les entreprises récompensées". Grenoble.cci.fr. Retrieved 2012-07-26.
  55. ↑ "Comptable à Grenoble, Isère (38)". Comptable-grenoble.com. Retrieved 29 October 2009.
  56. ↑ americanschollgrenoble.com
  57. ↑ "Grenoble, France's Second Largest English Speaking Community". Retrieved 2016-07-08.
  58. ↑ "Mentions obligatoires." Glénat. Retrieved on 1 May 2011. "GLENAT Editions SA 37, Rue Servan BP 177 38008 GRENOBLE CEDEX 1"
  59. ↑ Inovallée web site
  60. ↑ The web site of the Rocade Nord lists the two preferred routes, both of which pass under the Bastille in a long tunnel: http://www.rocade-nord.fr/index.php?id=163
  61. ↑ Place Gre'net, Circulation in Grenoble: 50 km/h the exception, 30 km/h the rule.
  62. ↑ Détours de Babel Festival
  63. ↑ Annecybernard – Conception et Design Olivier Bellon, Programmation Frederic Chatel. "Noix De Grenoble AOC CING Comité Interprofessionnel". Aoc-noixdegrenoble.com. Retrieved 29 October 2009.
  64. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Jérôme Steffenino, Marguerite Masson. "Ville de Grenoble – Coopérations et villes jumelles". Grenoble.fr. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
  65. ↑ "List of Twin Towns in the Ruhr District". © 2009 Twins2010.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 November 2009. Retrieved 28 October 2009. External link in |publisher= (help)
  66. ↑ "Oraşe înfrăţite (Twin cities of Minsk) [via WaybackMachine.com]" (in Romanian). Primăria Municipiului Chişinău. Archived from the original on 3 September 2012. Retrieved 2013-07-21.
  67. ↑ "Oxford's International Twin Towns". Oxford City Council. Archived from the original on 2013-08-17. Retrieved 2013-09-03.
  68. ↑ "British towns twinned with French towns". Archant Community Media Ltd. Retrieved 2013-07-11.
  69. ↑ "Phoenix Sister Cities". Phoenix Sister Cities. Archived from the original on 2013-07-24. Retrieved 2013-08-06.

External links

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